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홀로코스트: 학생들을 위한 학습 사이트 | 홀로코스트 백과사전https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org › content › project › th...

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홀로코스트: 학생들을 위한 학습 사이트. 이 사이트는 홀로코스트에 관련된 문서, 역사적인 사진, 지도, 유물, 개인 전기등을 주제별로 찿아 볼 수 있도록 마련 ...

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RECOMMENDED GENERAL SOURCES

The Cybrary of the Holocaust is an invaluable collection of resources for Holocaust education.

The Nizkor Project is a vast collection of Holocaust documents. Most are available only by FTP from the Shofar Archives, but these are being gradually converted to Web pages.

The Holocaust/Shoah Page by Ben S. Austin includes sections on the Nuremberg Laws, the Final Solution, Homosexuals, and the Nuremberg Trials, among others.

About.com offers links to other Holocaust sites, current events items, and a weekly electronic newsletter.

Women and the Holocaust: A Cyberspace of Their Own is an excellent collection of articles dealing with often overlooked gender-specific issues of the Holocaust.

VICTIMS

Anne Frank's life and times are portrayed at this site. Currently a photo scrapbook and the story of her journal are online.

Children of the Holocaust are documented by the Anti-Defamation League.

Jewish women as double victims in a misogynist, racist society is the subject of this essay.

Handicapped persons were the victims of the T-4 Euthanasia Program, a Nazi plan to kill physically and mentally disabled people.

The Handicapped. More information on the T4 and 14f13 killing projects.

Handicapped persons and the euthanasia program are also discussed on this page at "The History Place."

Gypsies and the Nazis' policy toward them are discussed at this site.

Gypsy mistreatment and murder in the Third Reich.

Gypsy extermination in the Third Reich.

Gypsy legal status in the Third Reich.

Homosexuals and their treatment in Germany both before and during the Third Reich are discussed at this site.

Homosexuals were subject to torture in the concentration camps as described in excerpts from this book edited by Vera Laska.

The Five Million Forgotten non-Jewish victims of the Holocaust are remembered at this site.

PERPETRATORS

Reinhard Heydrich's biography is available at "The History Place."

Rudolf Hess' biography is also available from "The History Place."

Adolf Hitler's early life is examined at this site.

Adolf Hitler's use of language is discussed in a paper at this site.

The Einsatzgruppen are discussed in detail at this page.

Einsatzgruppen documents are posted at this site.

Operation Reinhard: A Layman's Guide to Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka, part 1 by Kenneth N. McVay. Continued in part 2.

Kristallnacht is the topic at this page by Ben S. Austin.

RESCUERS

Joseph Andre was a Belgian abbot who helped rescue hundreds of Jewish children and encouraged them to remain in the Jewish faith.

Germaine Belline and Liliane Gaffney explain how they hid 30 Jews in Belgium.

Ivan Beltrami was able to use his position as an intern to protect Jews in a hospital infirmary.

Esther Bem relates how she and her family were hidden in an Italian village.

Marie Benoit was a French Capuchin monk who arranged for the rescue of thousands of Jews.

Bert Bochove describes at length how he and his wife Annie saved the lives of many Jews in Holland during the war.

Anna and Jaruslav Chlup cared for Herman Feder, a Jewish man who escaped from a train on its way to a death camp.

John Damski barely escaped execution while a Polish political prisoner. Upon release he helped many Jews in Poland to escape the ghetto, obtain false documents, and find work.

Jean Deffaugt, mayor of a French town on the Swiss border, aided Jews caught crossing the border.

Marc Donadille was a Protestant minister who rescued about 80 Jewish children in France.

Varian Fry helped to save thousands of endangered refugees including prominent artists.

Miep Gies was one of those who attempted to hide Anne Frank and her family.

Marie-Rose Gineste harbored Jews in Montauben, France.

The Gorniak Family hid Jews in their hayloft.

Marian Halicki hid a group of Jews in his workroom.

Hermann Friedrich Grabe used his position as a foreman to employ and protect many Jews.

Paul Gruninger was a Swiss official who disobeyed his government by allowing some thirty-six hundred Jews to cross illegally into Switzerland.

Emilie Guth and Ermine Orsi were French Protestants who hid Jews in the Le Chambon area of France.

Franciska Halamajowa hid Jews in her hayloft and cellar.

Adelaide Hautval was a French physician who defied the Nazis and assisted those in need at Auschwitz and Birkenau.

Esta Heiber tells how she was able to rescue 20 jewish children in Belgium.

Father Jacques de Jésus was a Carmelite friar and headmaster of the Petit Collège Sainte-Thérèse de l ' Enfant-Jésus. His attempt to rescue four Jewish boys is remembered in the film Au Revoir les Enfants.

Father Jacques' stay in Mauthausen and Gusen camps is remembered at this site.

Antonin Kalina, a Communist political prisoner, was able to protect 1,300 children in Buchenwald.

Helen L. tells how an older Russian soldier's compassion helped save her life.

Barbara Szymanska Makuch chronicles her aid to Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland. The Nazis imprisoned her for her work in the underground.

Laura Margolis' relief efforts among the Jewish refugees in the Shanghai ghetto saved many lives.

Mihael Michaelov explains how he helped Jews in Bulgaria during the Holocaust.

Ellen Nielsen tells how she helped Jews escape by boat to Sweden.

Marion P., a Dutch rescuer, hid a number of Dutch Jews. (Photo, video, audio, and text)

Dimitar Peshev helped to rescue Jews in Bulgaria.

Mirjam Pinkhof worked with Joop Westerweel in Holland, finding refuge for German children who had been sent there by their parents for safety after Kristallnacht.

An Oskar Schindler bibliography is available at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum site.

An Oskar Schindler's rescued 1,200 Jews who worked in his factory.

Aristides de Sousa Mendes, the Portuguese consul general in Bordeaux, disobeyed his government's orders and issued thousands of special transit visas allowing refugees to cross Spain into Portugal.

Tina Strobos tells the story of an active member of the Dutch underground.

Pastor Andre Trocme lead an effort in the French Protestant village of Le Chambon to save some 3,000-5,000 Jews.

Varian Fry was an American who went to France on behalf of the Emergency Rescue Committee with the mission of rescuing artists, writers, academics, and others at risk.

Jan Zwartendijk, the acting Dutch consul in Kovno, stamped passports of Lithuanian Jews allowing them to emigrate to Japan.

Five rescuer interviews from Rescuers: Portraits of Moral Courage in the Holocaust by Gay Block and Malka Drucker appear on this site.

Five rescue accounts from The Path of Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust by Mordecai Paldiel are available here.

Stories of Moral Courage: profiles of 17 rescuers.

The Righteous Among the Nations: dozens of rescuers are identified.

RESISTERS

Jewish prisoner uprisings in the Treblinka and Sobibór extermination camps are discussed at this site.

The fate of women within the partisan groups is discussed in this essay.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a patriotic German and theologian, opposed Nazism and even participated in a plot to kill Hitler.

The Dietrich Bonhoeffer Home Page offers a biography, bibliography, and links to on-line resources.

Aida Brydbord recounts how she joined a partisan unit and became its nurse.

Fruma Gulkowitz-Berger was the first girl to obtain a rifle and stand guard in her Jewish partisan unit.

Anna Heilman was one of a small group of young women who obtained gunpowder used to blow up a crematorium at Auschwitz.

Evelyn Kahn relates what it was like to be a child living among the partisans.

The Janusz Korczak site tells the story of the teacher who resisted by continuing with his work in a ghetto orphanage even when the end was clear.

Zenia Malecki describes her role in the United Partisan Organization in the Vilna ghetto.

Rose Meth smuggled gunpowder for the resistance at Auschwitz.

Hannah Szenes was captured, tortured, and executed after parachuting into Yugoslavia and crossing the border into Hungary in an attempt to rescue Allied prisoners and her mother.

Rosa Robota organized the smuggling of explosive powder at Auschwitz.

Biographical sketches of eight female resisters are available at this site.

The White Rose was a group of students who produced pamphlets urging resistance, and paid for it with their lives.

The White Rose: A Lesson in Dissent by Jacob G. Hornberger is featured at this site.

Memories of the White Rose by George J. Wittenstein, a surviving member of this resistance group.

Life in the Warsaw ghetto is described in excerpts from Courage Under Siege: Disease, Starvation and Death in the Warsaw Ghetto by Charles G. Roland.

LIBERATORS

Glenn Edward Belcher writes his daughter about the conditions in Dachau upon liberation.

James Choukroun, veteran of the famous 2nd DB of General Leclerc, shared his recollections of Dachau with his son.

Sergeant Ragene Farries who served in the 329th Medical Battalion describes conditions in the "Boelcke Kazerne" in Nordhausen concentration camp.

Chuck Ferree gives his account of the liberation of Dachau concentration camp.

Chuck Ferree offers first hand observations of Dachau and Buchenwald concentration camps. This site also has information about displaced persons camps.

Harry J. Herder, Jr. shares a personal and in-depth account of the liberation of Buchenwald.

Staff Sgt. Albert J. Kosiek describes the liberation of Mauthausen and Gusen camps.

Colonel Edmund M. of the United States Army describes Mauthausen shortly after its liberation. (Photo, video, audio, and text)

Edward R. Murrow, famous reporter describes the scene at Buchenwald when he entered the camp after liberation.

Bruce Nickols reports on the surrender of the German concentration camp at Ohrdruf.

Abram Sachar describes his experience in the liberation of Dachau.

Bill Sarnoff recalls interviewing survivors of Buchenwald.

General Felix Sparks recalls the liberation of Dachau in a speech made at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

General Felix Sparks adds more details on the liberation of Dachau.

SURVIVORS

Alicia Appleman-Jurman: survived by hiding in the countryside.

Inge Auerbacher spent the years 1942-45 in the Terezín concentration camp in Czechoslovakia.

Sonia Bar survived by escaping to Russia and living in an unsettled area for five years.

Bronia Beker tells how her family hid in caves they dug themselves.

Oskar Blechner sailed on the ill-fated SS St. Louis, but was granted refuge in Great Britain when the ship was returned to Europe.

Isak Borenstein was a prisoner of war.

Valie Borsky spent four years in Theresienstadt.

Jeannine Burk was a hidden child.

Ernest and Elisabeth Cassutto's story of survival is told by their son George.

Boris Chartan survived with the help of a Polish couple.

Judy Cohen tells of her life from the time the Nazis occupied her home country of Hungary to her liberation from a death march.

Irene Csillag recalls her life in Auschwitz-Birkenau and Stutthof camps.

Christine Damski was a journalism student in Poland in the late 1930s. She moved throughout eastern Europe eluding the Germans.

Krystyna Chiger and her family survived 14 months in a sewer.

Geoffroy de Clercq tells his story of surviving Buchenwald.

Elisabeth De Jong describes the so-called medical experiments inflicted upon her and other women at Auschwitz-Birkenau.

Lucille E. gives a lengthy, detailed, and personal account of her life before the war in Germany, during the war, living in several concentration camps, and in her life in America, after liberation.

Howard Edelstein tells the story of his family's survival thanks to a non-Jew who hid them under her house.

Alexander Ehrmann tells of life in Auschwitz and other camps. He was also sent to Warsaw after the uprising to help with clean up and salvage operations. (Transcripts and RealAudio files)

Walter F. describes in great detail life in Germany during the rise of Nazism. He was arrested during Kristallnacht and went to Buchenwald. He tells of his time in Shanghai, China.

Herman Feder was in several concentration camps before being rescued by the Chlups in Czechoslovakia.

Felicia Fuksman, worked as a nurse in the Lodz ghetto and then was sent to the Ravensbrück concentration camp.

Rabbi Baruch G., a Polish survivor, describes forced labor in Mlawa.

Rachel G., a Belgian child survivor, was hidden in convents.

Eva Galler was the oldest of eight children and is the only survivor of her family.

Henry Galler joined the Polish Army in the Soviet Union and fought the Germans from Lenino to the Reichstag in Berlin.

Bluma Goldberg describes working two years in a bullet factory, being moved to Bergen-Belsen, and finally working in an airplane factory.

Harold Gordon's story, The Last Sunrise, now includes an interactive map.

Gladys Halpern went into hiding with the help of a Ukrainian farmer.

Sam Halpern describes camp life in this extended excerpt from Darkness and Hope.

Erna Blitzer Gorman tells of her experiences in various ghettos and of being hidden in a barn by a Ukrainian farmer for two years. (Acrobat and RealAudio files)

Ibi Grossman survived in a Budapest ghetto thanks in part to the intervention of Raoul Wallenberg.

Joseph Heinrich was born in Germany. Soon after Kristallnacht he left for Holland, where he lived in hiding. He traveled from Holland to Spain, much of the way on foot.

Gabor Hirsch was born in Hungary. In his brief account he tells of his time in Birkenau and his liberation there.

Benjamin Jacobs shares his experiences as a Dentist in Auschwitz.

Judith Jagermann describes in detail her experience in several concentration camps.

Henny Juliard was living in The Hague in Holland at the beginning of World War II. She lived under the care of the Bochoves, a Dutch couple, for almost three years.

Abram Korn's story is told in excerpts from his book and by means of an interactive map.

Jay Kuperman survived Hirshberg and Buchenwald concentration camps.

Helen L. tells the story of how she and her sister survived as two young girls living in the woods of eastern Europe.

Dori Laub is a child survivor from Romania.

Alfred Lessing recalls childhood memories of hiding in the Netherlands. (Acrobat and RealAudio files)

Primo Levi, Auschwitz survivor, gave this interview upon his return visit to the camp in 1982.

Ann Levy's family pretended to be Catholic while living on the so-called Aryan side of Warsaw.

Dr. Olga Lilien was born in 1904 in Lvov, Poland. She lived through the war with the help of Barbara Szymanska Makuch's family.

Semen Isaak Lipets was imprisoned, but was then released to burn bodies of Holocaust victims.

Thomas Mandl was one of the young faces in the Nazi propaganda film, "The Führer Presents the Jews with a City." After the filming, he was transported from Terezín to Auschwitz and then to Dachau.

Yettie Mendels was born in Holland and lived underground for the duration of the war.

Paul Meyers was able to escape to Spain and then join the British Army.

Ralph Moratz narrowly escaped being gassed in a synagogue as a child.

Filip Muller was born in Slovakia and survived the Auschwitz camp. His brief, but detailed account tells about the crematorium in Auschwitz.

Edith P., a Dutch survivor, was deported to Auschwitz. (Photo, video, audio, and text)

Bram Pais describes his years of hiding in the Dutch underground. Near the end of the war he was arrested and imprisoned.

Abraham Pasternak describes life in Romania during the occupation and his experiences in Auschwitz and Buchenwald. (Acrobat and RealAudio files)

Evelyn Pike-Rubin was able to escape to Shanghai.

Pincus survived both the Bochnia ghetto and forced labor at Auschwitz.

Helen R. is a Polish survivor who was deported to Auschwitz.

Solomon Radasky survived the Warsaw Ghetto, Majdanek, and Auschwitz-Birkenau.

Judith Rubinstein describes the selection process at Auschwitz-Birkenau.

Rudy describes being sent from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz-Birkenau.

Peter S., a German child survivor, describes a selection at Ravensbrück. (Photo, video, audio, and text)

Leo Scher managed to save both himself and many other Jews by outwitting the Nazis time and again.

Joseph Sher survived labor camps.

Lili Silberman was hidden first in a Protestant orphanage and then a convent.

Gabriele Silten describes survival in Westerbork Camp.

Ben Stem spent six months in the Kielce ghetto and then was taken to a forced labor camp.

Richard Sufit's story of his captivity in Auschwitz and Buchenwald contains many details of camp life.

Agnes Vadas describes losing her father to injuries incurred during an air raid in Budapest.

Erika Van Hesteren, a Dutch woman, recounts the years she lived in hiding during the war.

Anna W. is a Gypsy survivor who was deported to Ravensbrück. (Photo, audio and video in German, text in English and German)

Cyla Wiener recalls her experiences in the Krakow ghetto and working as a seamstress in Plaszow, Auschwitz, and Bergen-Belsen. (Acrobat and RealAudio files)

Sophie Yaari, born in Germany, tells about life in Germany in the 1930s. She remembers Kristallnacht. She and her sister went to Holland, where they survived by living in hiding for years.

Shep Zitler was a soldier and prisoner of war.

CAMPS

The List of the Camps. Hundreds of camps and sub-camps listed with links to information on many of the major camps.

"Tunnel and Shelter Researching." These underground factories used forced labor to produce military materiel.

The Memorial Museums in Germany site has an interactive map that provides links to a short history of each camp and includes photographs and other information.

Camp medical experiments are described on this Web page.

A virtual tour of Auschwitz by Stuart C. Nichols contains extensive text and many photos.

Auschwitz Revisited by Chuck Ferree.

An Auschwitz Alphabet by Jonathan Blumen contains text and photos of the camp.

The Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum includes a history of the camps.

Slideshow of Auschwitz and Birkenau camps by Scott Sakansky.

Map of Birkenau with links to 35 contemporary color photos by Alan Jacobs.

17 color photographs of Auschwitz/Birkenau taken by Alan Jacobs in the years 1979-1981.

Photographs of Auschwitz/Birkenau by Stuart C. Nichols.

Bergen-Belsen trial excerpts from Nizkor Archives.

Buchenwald documents are available in this Nizkor directory.

The Buchenwald Memorial includes a history of the camp.

The Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site includes a map and history of the camp.

Majdanek Camp information is available at this site created by Philip Trauring.

Mauthausen site includes information about camp life, the SS, and forced labor as well as excerpts from reports by former prisoners. Satellite camps include: Ebensee, Gusen, Melk, and Wiener Neustadt.

Westerbork Transit Camp official site.

Mauthausen and Gusen camps are thoroughly described at this large site.

The Mechelen Museum of Deportation and the Resistance Museum is located on the site of a former transit camp in Belgium.

Concentration Camp Memorial Neuengamme includes a history of the camp and memorial.

The Ravensbrück Memorial Museum includes a map and history of the camp.

The "Forgotten Camps" site by Vincent Châtel and Gord McFee offers information about many of the large and a few of the smaller camps:

Amersfoort Auschwitz-Birkenau Belzec Blechhammer Breendonck Buchenwald Chelmno Drancy Ebensee

Esterwegen Flossenbürg Gusen Majdanek Mauthausen Melk Nordhausen Ommen Plaszow

Pustkow Radogosz Ravensbrück Sachsenhausen Sobibór Stutthof Treblinka Vught Westerbork

ARTS

Felix Nussbaum i exhibit at Yad Vashem.

Moshe Rynecki was a Jewish artist whose work survived the Holocaust.

Josef Nassy, a black artist, created a visual diary of the Holocaust.

The Arts and KZ Gusen site includes separate sections about music, poetry, drawing, painting, and sculpture.

David Olre drawings and paintings, a few of which do not duplicate those in A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust.

Fernand Van Horen tells how his drawing ability helped him to survive the concentration camp.

Inmate art from the painting room at the Dossin Military Barracks in Belgium.

Nazi Posters in the German propaganda archive of Randall Bytwerk at Calvin College.

Picasso and the occupation of France is the topic of this site.

A short biography of Nelly Sachs is available at the "Women and the Holocaust" site.

Holocaust poetry by David Graham, Trish McAllister, Maryl Winningham, and others.

The Terezín Chamber Music Foundation is dedicated to assuring the permanence of the music written by composers who perished in the Holocaust.

PHOTOGRAPHS

The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum maintains a searchable photo archive.

The Ghetto Fighter's House also maintains a searchable photo archive. Click on "English" and then "Search Archives."

The National Archives section on WWII contains many useful Holocaust-era photographs. Warning: the average file size in this archive is 500KB.

The Cybrary of the Holocaust hosts a number of photo collections. Don't miss Alan Jacob's photographic portrait of Birkenau.

The Holocaust History Project has a large collection of photographs documenting the Holocaust in Hungary.

The College of the Holy Cross Archives has posted 16 photographs from their collection taken by Major Orval C. Clark at Buchenwald in May of 1945.

The Southern Institute Photo Gallery includes photos of both WWII and the Holocaust.

Shamash, the Jewish Internet Consortium, maintains a site that includes Holocaust photos.

Franois Schmitz maintains an exhibit of 37 Holocaust photographs with captions in French and English.

Polish Synagogue photographs are available at this site.

The Cybrary maintains a collection of Holocaust photos.

Images for Reflection by Scott L Sakansky offers haunting images of over a dozen camps and other locations.

TEACHING THE HOLOCAUST

Teaching about the Holocaust is a 136 page PDF book is available at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum site.

The Holocaust: A Learning Site for Students presented by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

A packet of 37 identification cards is also available at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum site.

The State of Florida Commissioner's Task Force on Holocaust Education Web Site includes a message from the Commissioner, links to affiliated centers, a list of district coordinators, and an order form for the statewide high school curriculum, "The Holocaust: Can It Happen to Me?"

The Holocaust--A Guide for Teachers is an excellent teacher's guide to many important Holocaust topics such as prejudice, antisemitism, and Fascism. Each chapter includes objectives, activities, discussion questions, and other aids for the teacher.

America and the Holocaust is a PBS video. This site includes a teacher's guide.

Education...A Legacy Forum for Teachers at the Cybrary has links to many interesting pages.

The Truth About Anne Frank is a twelve hour class outline available at the Cybrary.

Deathly Silence: Everyday People in the Holocaust is a Holocaust education manual produced by the Southern Institute for Education and Research, Tulane University.

The Schindler's List Teaching Guide is available at the Southern Institute for Education and Research site.

The Holocaust/Genocide Project (HGP) is an international, nonprofit, telecommunications project focusing on study of the Holocaust and other genocides.

The Beast Within is an interdisciplinary unit for ninth graders.

Remember Our Faces is an ERIC Digest discussing rationales, curriculum placement, and resources for Holocaust education.

Yad Vashem produces teaching resources.

The Holocaust Teacher Resource Center offers many teaching resources.

An annual essay contest for Florida high school students is sponsored by the Holland & Knight Charitable Foundation, Inc.

A teacher's guide for visiting the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Available in PDF format.

RESEARCH

The H-NET List for History of the Holocaust is a listserve geared to Holocaust scholars. The archives are searchable by non-members. To begin a search, go to this link and select "H-Holocaust" as the list to view.

Many important Holocaust era documents are available from the Avelon Project at the Yale Law School.

The Werner H. and Anne Von Rosenstiel Collection of Holocaust materials at the University of South Florida Library.

MISC

Al Filreis' List of Links to other Holocaust-related Web sites includes many current events items.

An extensive timeline of WWII is available at The History Place.

A chronology of the Holocaust by Ben S. Austin.

The deportation and "resettlement" of Jews and the structure of the ghetto are thoroughly described.

The full Nuremberg Laws are listed here.

Holland under the Third Reich is a transcript of a lecture which was presented by Anthony Anderson at The University of Southern California on October 17, 1995.

"Nazi Gold," a PBS Frontline site explores Switzerland's wartime actions and role as banker and financial broker for Nazi Germany.

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감사합니다. ^______^