1. 전투의 이름 : Battle of Stalingrad
2. 전투 장소 : City of Stalingrad (which is today Volgograd in Russia)
3. 시작~끝 날짜 : August 21, 1942 ~ Feburary 2, 1943
4. 공격쪽의 목표
Capture of Stalingrad
Tactically it would secure the left flank of the German armies as they advanced into the Caucasus.
Strategically it would gain the control of the oil-rich Caucasus, as well as the Volga River, a backbone of Soviet transportation from Central Asia.
5. 수비쪽의 목표
Defending of Stalingrad and Surrounding the Axis attacking forces
Both tactically and strategically, Stalingrad was so important to Soviet Union for a major Soviet's industrial city and a key point for transfering large amount of oil and food. Also Stalin knew its importance as an ideological propaganda in defending the city which bore his name.
6. 공격쪽 사령관 : Friedrich Paulus, Erich von Manstein
7. 수비쪽 사령관 : Vasily Chuikov, Georgy Zhukov
8. a) 공격쪽 주요 무기
Axis infantry : Mauser rifle, MP sub-machinegun, German flamethrower
Support : Panzer 3, 4 tank, German artillery, German bomber
b) 수비쪽 주요 무기
Soviet infanrty : Mosin Nagant rifle, PPSH sub-machinegun, Soviet flamethrower
Support : T-34 tank and Soviet artillery including Katyusha rocket launcher
9. 공격쪽의 전략 전술
Operation Blau(파랑 작전)으로 다가오는 미국과의 전면전을 위해 빠른 시일내에 소련을 무력화시키기 위해서 Army Group South(남부 집단군)을 소련의 중요한 석유 산지인 코카서스 지방으로 진출시켜서 방대한 양의 석유자원을 확보하고 또한 볼가강의 교통을 막음으로써 소련의 전쟁 물자 생산을 위축시키려고 하였다.
10.수비쪽의 전략 전술
강력한 전력을 가진 추축군들을 시가전에 끌어들여 손실을 강요하는 전술을 폈다. 전략적으로는 스탈린그라드시에서 치열한 방어전을 수행하는 추이코프의 군대에 증원하는 대신 스탈린그라드를 공격하는 추축군들을 포위 격멸하려는 목적을 가지고 비밀리에 예비대를 꾸준히 모았다. 이것을 모르고 있던 추측군들은 추이코프가 지휘하는 스탈린그라드의 소련군과의 격렬한 시가전에 휘말려들어 전력이 크게 소모되어 약해졌다. 마침내 소련군은 Operation Uranus(천왕성 작전)을 발동하여 동계 공세를 시작하였고 스탈린그라드의 측면에 위치했던 루마니아와 헝가리 군대를 격파하여서 수십만에 이르는 추축군들의 주력부대를 완전히 포위하는데 성공하였다.
11. 양측 피해 (전사자, 부상자)
Axis suffered 850,000 casualties of all types among all branches of the German armed forces and its allies : 400,000 Germans, 200,000 Romanians, 130,000 Italians, 120,000 Hungarians were killed, wounded or missing. An unusually high proportion of total German casualties were killed and captured (96,000 of whom were prisoners).
Soviet Union suffered 478,741 men killed and 650,878 wounded (for a total of 1,129,619). And more than 40,000 Soviet civilians died in Stalingrad.
12. 결과, 승부 : Decisive Soviet victory
13. 전투에 대한 간략한 묘사
Operation Blau
Army Group South including the 6th and 17th Armies and the 4th and 1st Panzer Armies was selected for a sprint forward through the southern Russian stepps into the Caucasus to capture vital Soviet oil fields. The summer offensive was code-named Fall Blau ("Case Blue").
The battle opens
Army Group South began its attack into southern Russia on June 28, 1942.
By the end of July the Germans had pushed the Soviets across the Don River. At this point the Germans established defensive lines using the Armies of their Italian, Hungarian and Romanian allies. The 6th Army was only a few dozen kilometers from Stalingrad, and the 4th Panzer, now to their south, turned north to help take the city. To the south, Group A was pushing far into the Caucasus, but their advance slowed. Group A's forces were deployed far to the south and provided no support to Group B in the north.
The battle in the city
Civilians including women and children were put to work building trenchworks and protective fortifications. A massive German air bombardment on 23 August caused a firestorm, killing thousands of civilians and turning Stalingrad into a vast landscape of rubble and burnt ruins.
By 1 September 1942, the Soviets could only supply their forces in Stalingrad by perilous crossings of the Volgar River. The Soviet 62nd Army formed defense lines, with strongpoints situated in houses and factories. Fighting in the city was fierce and desperate. Stalin's order of July 27, 1942 had decreed that all those who retreated or otherwise left their positions without orders to do so could be summarily shot. "Not a step back!" was the slogan. The Germans pushing forward into Stalingrad suffered heavy casualties. Soviet reinforcements were shipped across the river Volga from the eastern bank under constant bombardment by German artillery and planes. The life expectancy of a newly arrived Soviet private in the city dropped to less than twenty-four hours. With no end to the fighting in sight, the Germans started transferring heavy artillery to the city, including several gigantic 600 mm mortars. Soviet artillery on the Eastern bank of the Volga continued to place German positions under fire. The Soviet defenders used the resulting ruins as defensive positions. German tanks became useless in heaps of rubble up to eight meters high. If they still were able to move forward, they were taken under Soviet anti-tank fire from the rooftops.
For both Stalin and Hitler, the battle of Stalingrad became a question of life and death.
In November, after three months slow and costly advance, the Germans finally reached the river banks, capturing 90% of the ruined city and splitting the remaining Soviet forces into two narrow pockets.
The Soviet counter-attack: Operation Uranus
In Autumn the Soviet general Georgy Zhukov concentrated massive Soviet forces in the steppes to the north and south of the city. The German northern flank was particularly vulnerable, since it was defended by Hungarian and Romanian units which suffered from inferior equipment and low morale. Zhukov's plan was to keep pinning the Germans down in the city, and then to punch through the overstretched and weakly defended German flanks and to surround the Germans inside Stalingrad. The operation was code-named "Uranus". November, 1942 the Red Army unleashed Uranus. Thinly spread, outnumbered and poorly equipped, the 3rd Romanian Army, which held the northern flank of the German 6th Army, was shattered after an almost miraculous one-day defense.
On November 20, a second Soviet offensive was launched to the south of Stalingrad, against points held by the Romanian 4th Army Corps. The Romanian forces collapsed almost immediately. About 250,000 German and Romanian soldiers, as well as some Croatian units and volunteer subsidiary troops found themselves trapped inside the resulting pocket.
Soviet victory
Generalefeldmaschal Paulus surrendered on Janurary 31, 1943. The remnants of the German forces in Stalingrad surrendered on Feburary 2, 1943. 96,000 Germans were taken captive included 22 generals by Soviet forces.
14. 승리쪽의 승전 이유
막대한 희생에도 불구하고 계속 전투를 수행하여 스탈린그라드를 지키는 데 성공했던 소련군과 소련 민간인들의 노력이 가장 큰 이유이다. 또한 시가전에서 이들을 지휘한 츄이코프의 리더쉽과 결정적인 승리를 가능하게 했던 쥬코프의 전략이 주요 승리의 이유였다.
15. 패배쪽의 패전 이유
독일군 수뇌부는 계속하여 소련군의 전투 의지와 전력을 과소 평가하였다. 전략적으로는 본국에서 멀리 떨어져 보급이 힘들었고 보유한 병력에 비해서도 너무 광대한 지역에 걸쳐 작전이 실시되었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 한정된 병력으로 소모적인 전투에 말려들어 결국 주요 부대가 전멸에 이르는 파멸의 결과를 맞았다.
16. 세계2차대전에 있어서 이 전투의 중요성
The battle of Stalingrad was a major turning point in World War 2, The Axis powers lost huge numbers of men and equipments and never fully recovered after the defeat. It marked the start of the liberation of Soviet Union. For all Allied counrties It led to eventual victory over Nazi Germany in 1945.
17. 군사적 교훈
정보면에서 상대의 전력과 전체적인 상황을 제대로 파악하고 이것에 맞는 적절한 전략을 수립해야 한다. 전술적으로 원거리로 떨어져 있어서 증원과 보급이 힘든 상황에서 시가전과 같은 소모전에 말려드는데 대해서 신중했어야 한다. 소련과 같이 광대하고 혹독하게 추운 겨울을 가진 나라에서의 전쟁이 얼마나 어려운 것인가를 다시 한번 보여 주었다.
출처 : stalingrad로 검색하였습니다.