그렇게 장난처럼 생각할 것은 아니고 적어도 대학에서 배운다면,
이미 학문적으로 정립된 이론에 따라야 할 것 같습니다.
어휘적 상(lexical aspect)에 대해서는
보통 동사가 어떤 결과를 가지느냐에 따라(즉 결정적 끝점 telic이 있느냐),
기간 duration이 있느냐로 동사의 어휘상을 분류합니다.
1) I walked to the park. : 끝점이 있는 동사(telic), 도착했다.
2) I walked in the park. : 끝점이 없는 동사(atelic), 결과가 없다.
3) She built a house : 끝점이 있는 동사(telic)는 완성된 걸로 봅니다. 집은 완성되었습니다.
* 학자들은 종료상(perfective)로 분류합니다.
4) He swam in the pool : 시작과 과정을 나타내는 동사로 끝이 없는 동사(atelic)는
보통 끝났다고 해석하는데... 언제 끝났는지는 불확실합니다.
* 끝났는지 안 끝났는지 따지는 게 무의미할 수 있습니다.
동사의 어휘적 상에 대해서는 아래를 참조하세요.
|
|
Start-point |
telic(endpoint) |
Duration |
Statives |
|
X |
X |
O |
Dynamics |
Accomplishments |
O |
O |
O |
Achievements |
O |
O |
X |
Activities |
O |
X |
O |
Acts |
O |
X |
X |
Zeno Vendler (1957) classified verbs into four categories: those that express "activity", "accomplishment", "achievement" and "state". Activities and accomplishments are distinguished from achievements and states in that the former allow the use of continuous and progressive aspects. Activities and accomplishments are distinguished from each other by boundedness: activities do not have a terminal point (a point before which the activity cannot be said to have taken place, and after which the activity cannot continue – for example "John drew a circle") whereas accomplishments do. Of achievements and states, achievements are instantaneous whereas states are durative. Achievements and accomplishments are distinguished from one another in that achievements take place immediately (such as in "recognize" or "find") whereas accomplishments approach an endpoint incrementally (as in "paint a picture" or "build a house").
In his discussion of lexical aspect, Bernard Comrie (1976) included the category semelfactive or punctual events such as "sneeze".
His divisions of the categories are as follows: states, activities, and accomplishments are durative, while semelfactives and achievements are punctual. Of the durative verbs, states are unique as they involve no change, and activities are atelic (that is, have no "terminal point") whereas accomplishments are telic. Of the punctual verbs, semelfactives are atelic, and achievements are telic. The following table exemplifies examples of lexical aspect in English that involve change (an example of a State is 'know').
