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제짧은 영어 실력으로는 부족입니다.
과제물 제출로 인해 심한 암박을 받고 있는데요..
저를 좀 도와주세요 ㅠㅠ 부탁 드립니다. ㅠㅠ
The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of digitally shortening and lengthening pauses on listening comprehension. Using digital audio software, pauses within the Brown, Carlsen, Carstens (BCC) Listening Comprehension Test were modified to create a control group version (unaltered) and three experimental versions: pauses lengthened by 300 msec; pauses shortened by 150 msec; and, pauses shortened by 300 msec. Effects of these treatments on listening comprehension were measured for each of the five individual BCC sections and for composite scores. Subjects were 144 college students enrolled in undergraduate psychology classes. Means of numbers of incorrect responses were used in analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis calculations. Results demonstrated statistical significance for two BCC test sections, Section C (Recognizing Transitions) and Section D (Recognizing Word Meanings). For Section C, lengthening pauses by 300 msec yielded a significant difference at the .05 level. For Section D, the control group condition (with unaltered original pause lengths) yielded a significant difference at the .10 level. Testing for which differences of significance were not found revealed that presentation rate could be increased (via pause length shortening) without loss of comprehension-in other words, that listening efficiency could be increased. Designated as primary beneficiaries of the research were clients of the National Library Service (the producers of "Talking Books") and distance learners using audio-enhanced web-based materials. Recommended were further studies involving different pause lengths, subjects and stimulus materials, as well as the development of software that allows users to select from a variety of offered pause lengths.
This dissertation contributes to research on scientific communication by a comparative case study of the "careers" of eight different theories in the social sciences over a period of approximately twenty years. These theories include work on institutional isomorphism, organizational citizenship behavior, vertical dyad linkage and leader-member exchange, electronic markets and hierarchies, marketing channel structure, social influences on technology adoption and utilization, the antecedents of whistleblowing behavior, and the development of "pseudo-community" in virtual environments. The theories range from those that have received minimal levels of citation since their original publication, to several around which larger or smaller "invisible colleges" have already crystallized, to one "citation classic" that can be considered foundational to a sociological paradigm.
Using citation analysis, citation context analysis, content analysis, surveys of editorial review boards, and personal interviews with theorists, a model of functional "theory characteristics" that appear to promote theory diffusion into particular channels around various epistemic communities is presented. It is then compared to Everett Rogers's classic typology of "innovation characteristics that promote diffusion," and considered in the context of a variety of other ongoing research programs in diffusion, bibliometrics, and computational epistemology that study theories as part of the "commodification of justification.".
Research libraries are currently expanding their electronic journal collections, and beginning to discontinue corresponding print journal subscriptions. The transition to greater numbers of electronic journals is not always a smooth one. Investigating this transitional situation, this study reported on the current status and practices of the top quartile of ARL libraries, and sought to determine if there was sufficient basis for the development and implementation of a best practices model to help other libraries make their own transition.
A two-fold Web survey method was employed. An initial Web survey was administered to the directors and chief collections officers. A second survey was administered to the same population during the later phase of the research in order to confirm the proposed planning model.
Survey results indicated that electronic journals had influenced activity surrounding print journal collections in these libraries. Respondents were in agreement that electronic journal spending would require more of their library budgets in the future. There are many factors that contribute to decision making surrounding the choice of journal format in the hybrid library. There is a moderately strong relationship between the influence of the factors regarding electronic and dual format journal choice. Of high influence are many human factors. Publisher enhancements are generally also influential.
The library leaders surveyed recognized the popularity of electronic information and see that over time their journal collections will shift from print to electronic. They also predicted future role shifts in which libraries and universities become more active in scholarly publishing and in electronic archiving.
This study explored a model to see if it could provide a framework for explaining the factors that influence the format selection for journals. The model does contain factors that influence the hybrid library, but the study brought into question the application of the model—or any model—as a best practice.
제짧은 영어 실력으로는 부족입니다.
과제물 제출로 인해 심한 암박을 받고 있는데요..
저를 좀 도와주세요 ㅠㅠ 부탁 드립니다. ㅠㅠ
The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of digitally shortening and lengthening pauses on listening comprehension. Using digital audio software, pauses within the Brown, Carlsen, Carstens (BCC) Listening Comprehension Test were modified to create a control group version (unaltered) and three experimental versions: pauses lengthened by 300 msec; pauses shortened by 150 msec; and, pauses shortened by 300 msec. Effects of these treatments on listening comprehension were measured for each of the five individual BCC sections and for composite scores. Subjects were 144 college students enrolled in undergraduate psychology classes. Means of numbers of incorrect responses were used in analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis calculations. Results demonstrated statistical significance for two BCC test sections, Section C (Recognizing Transitions) and Section D (Recognizing Word Meanings). For Section C, lengthening pauses by 300 msec yielded a significant difference at the .05 level. For Section D, the control group condition (with unaltered original pause lengths) yielded a significant difference at the .10 level. Testing for which differences of significance were not found revealed that presentation rate could be increased (via pause length shortening) without loss of comprehension-in other words, that listening efficiency could be increased. Designated as primary beneficiaries of the research were clients of the National Library Service (the producers of "Talking Books") and distance learners using audio-enhanced web-based materials. Recommended were further studies involving different pause lengths, subjects and stimulus materials, as well as the development of software that allows users to select from a variety of offered pause lengths.
This dissertation contributes to research on scientific communication by a comparative case study of the "careers" of eight different theories in the social sciences over a period of approximately twenty years. These theories include work on institutional isomorphism, organizational citizenship behavior, vertical dyad linkage and leader-member exchange, electronic markets and hierarchies, marketing channel structure, social influences on technology adoption and utilization, the antecedents of whistleblowing behavior, and the development of "pseudo-community" in virtual environments. The theories range from those that have received minimal levels of citation since their original publication, to several around which larger or smaller "invisible colleges" have already crystallized, to one "citation classic" that can be considered foundational to a sociological paradigm.
Using citation analysis, citation context analysis, content analysis, surveys of editorial review boards, and personal interviews with theorists, a model of functional "theory characteristics" that appear to promote theory diffusion into particular channels around various epistemic communities is presented. It is then compared to Everett Rogers's classic typology of "innovation characteristics that promote diffusion," and considered in the context of a variety of other ongoing research programs in diffusion, bibliometrics, and computational epistemology that study theories as part of the "commodification of justification.".
Research libraries are currently expanding their electronic journal collections, and beginning to discontinue corresponding print journal subscriptions. The transition to greater numbers of electronic journals is not always a smooth one. Investigating this transitional situation, this study reported on the current status and practices of the top quartile of ARL libraries, and sought to determine if there was sufficient basis for the development and implementation of a best practices model to help other libraries make their own transition.
A two-fold Web survey method was employed. An initial Web survey was administered to the directors and chief collections officers. A second survey was administered to the same population during the later phase of the research in order to confirm the proposed planning model.
Survey results indicated that electronic journals had influenced activity surrounding print journal collections in these libraries. Respondents were in agreement that electronic journal spending would require more of their library budgets in the future. There are many factors that contribute to decision making surrounding the choice of journal format in the hybrid library. There is a moderately strong relationship between the influence of the factors regarding electronic and dual format journal choice. Of high influence are many human factors. Publisher enhancements are generally also influential.
The library leaders surveyed recognized the popularity of electronic information and see that over time their journal collections will shift from print to electronic. They also predicted future role shifts in which libraries and universities become more active in scholarly publishing and in electronic archiving.
This study explored a model to see if it could provide a framework for explaining the factors that influence the format selection for journals. The model does contain factors that influence the hybrid library, but the study brought into question the application of the model—or any model—as a best practice.