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해석좀 도와주세요 ㅠㅠ 정말 부탁 부탁부탁 !!

작성일 2007.06.05댓글 1건
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제짧은 영어 실력으로는 부족입니다.

과제물 제출로 인해 심한 암박을 받고 있는데요..

저를 좀 도와주세요 ㅠㅠ 부탁 드립니다. ㅠㅠ  

 

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of digitally shortening and lengthening pauses on listening comprehension. Using digital audio software, pauses within the Brown, Carlsen, Carstens (BCC) Listening Comprehension Test were modified to create a control group version (unaltered) and three experimental versions: pauses lengthened by 300 msec; pauses shortened by 150 msec; and, pauses shortened by 300 msec. Effects of these treatments on listening comprehension were measured for each of the five individual BCC sections and for composite scores. Subjects were 144 college students enrolled in undergraduate psychology classes. Means of numbers of incorrect responses were used in analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis calculations. Results demonstrated statistical significance for two BCC test sections, Section C (Recognizing Transitions) and Section D (Recognizing Word Meanings). For Section C, lengthening pauses by 300 msec yielded a significant difference at the .05 level. For Section D, the control group condition (with unaltered original pause lengths) yielded a significant difference at the .10 level. Testing for which differences of significance were not found revealed that presentation rate could be increased (via pause length shortening) without loss of comprehension-in other words, that listening efficiency could be increased. Designated as primary beneficiaries of the research were clients of the National Library Service (the producers of "Talking Books") and distance learners using audio-enhanced web-based materials. Recommended were further studies involving different pause lengths, subjects and stimulus materials, as well as the development of software that allows users to select from a variety of offered pause lengths. 

 

 

 

This dissertation contributes to research on scientific communication by a comparative case study of the "careers" of eight different theories in the social sciences over a period of approximately twenty years. These theories include work on institutional isomorphism, organizational citizenship behavior, vertical dyad linkage and leader-member exchange, electronic markets and hierarchies, marketing channel structure, social influences on technology adoption and utilization, the antecedents of whistleblowing behavior, and the development of "pseudo-community" in virtual environments. The theories range from those that have received minimal levels of citation since their original publication, to several around which larger or smaller "invisible colleges" have already crystallized, to one "citation classic" that can be considered foundational to a sociological paradigm.

  Using citation analysis, citation context analysis, content analysis, surveys of editorial review boards, and personal interviews with theorists, a model of functional "theory characteristics" that appear to promote theory diffusion into particular channels around various epistemic communities is presented. It is then compared to Everett Rogers's classic typology of "innovation characteristics that promote diffusion," and considered in the context of a variety of other ongoing research programs in diffusion, bibliometrics, and computational epistemology that study theories as part of the "commodification of justification.". 

 

 

 

Research libraries are currently expanding their electronic journal collections, and beginning to discontinue corresponding print journal subscriptions. The transition to greater numbers of electronic journals is not always a smooth one. Investigating this transitional situation, this study reported on the current status and practices of the top quartile of ARL libraries, and sought to determine if there was sufficient basis for the development and implementation of a best practices model to help other libraries make their own transition.

  A two-fold Web survey method was employed. An initial Web survey was administered to the directors and chief collections officers. A second survey was administered to the same population during the later phase of the research in order to confirm the proposed planning model.

  Survey results indicated that electronic journals had influenced activity surrounding print journal collections in these libraries. Respondents were in agreement that electronic journal spending would require more of their library budgets in the future. There are many factors that contribute to decision making surrounding the choice of journal format in the hybrid library. There is a moderately strong relationship between the influence of the factors regarding electronic and dual format journal choice. Of high influence are many human factors. Publisher enhancements are generally also influential.

  The library leaders surveyed recognized the popularity of electronic information and see that over time their journal collections will shift from print to electronic. They also predicted future role shifts in which libraries and universities become more active in scholarly publishing and in electronic archiving.

  This study explored a model to see if it could provide a framework for explaining the factors that influence the format selection for journals. The model does contain factors that influence the hybrid library, but the study brought into question the application of the model—or any model—as a best practice. 



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The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of digitally shortening and lengthening pauses on listening comprehension.
그 연구의 목적은 디지탈로 이해를 듣는 것에 대한 길어지는 중지 짧게하는 것과의 영향을 결정하는 것이었습니다.

Using digital audio software, pauses within the Brown, Carlsen, Carstens (BCC) Listening Comprehension Test were modified to create a control group version (unaltered) and three experimental versions:
디지탈의 가청 주파의 소프트웨어를 사용하면서, Brown, Carlsen의 안에 있는 중지, Carstens Listening Comprehension Test  (BCC)은 제어 그룹 버전 (unaltered)과 세 실험에 의거한 버전을 새로 만들기 위해 수정되었습니다.

pauses lengthened by 300 msec; pauses shortened by 150 msec; and, pauses shortened by 300 msec.
중지는 300 msec까지 길어졌습니다; 중지는 150 msec까지 짧아졌습니다; 300 msec에 의해 짧게된 중지

Effects of these treatments on listening comprehension were measured for each of the five individual BCC sections and for composite scores.
이해를 듣는 것에 대한 이 처리의 영향은 혼성의 득점에 대한 다섯 개개의 BCC 각각의 부분, 그리고 대해 측정되었습니다.

Subjects were 144 college students enrolled in undergraduate psychology classes.
주제는 대학 재학생 심리학 학급으로 명부에 올려진 144 대학 학생이었습니다.

Means of numbers of incorrect responses were used in analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis calculations.
틀린 응답의 수의 방법은 변화와 Kruskal-Wallis 계산의 분석에서 사용되었습니다.

Results demonstrated statistical significance for two BCC test sections, Section C (Recognizing Transitions) and Section D (Recognizing Word Meanings).
결과는 두 BCC 시험 부분과 Section C (Recognizing Transitions)와 Section D (Recognizing Word Meanings)를 위해 통계적인 의미를 보여줬습니다.

For Section C, lengthening pauses by 300 msec yielded a significant difference at the .05 level.
Section C 때문에, 300 msec까지 중지를 길게 하는 것은 .05 수준에 중요한 차이를 산출했습니다.

For Section D, the control group condition (with unaltered original pause lengths) yielded a significant difference at the .10 level.
Section D 때문에, 그 제어 그룹 조건 (with unaltered original pause lengths)은 .10 수준에 중요한 차이를 산출했습니다.

Testing for which differences of significance were not found revealed that presentation rate could be increased (via pause length shortening) without loss of comprehension-in other words, that listening efficiency could be increased.
의미의 어떤 차이가 입각하지 않은지 증정 비율이 할 수 있다는 것을 드러냈으므로 검사하면서, 다른 coprehension-in 단어의 상실 없이 증가되세요 (via pause length shortening). 듣는 효율은 증가될 수 있었다는

Designated as primary beneficiaries of the research were clients of the National Library Service (the producers of "Talking Books") and distance learners using audio-enhanced web-based materials.
그 연구의 주요한 수익자가 National Library Service (the producers of ^Talking Books^)의 클라이언트와 웹기반의 audio-enhanced 원료를 사용하는 거리 배우는 사람임에 따라 가리켰습니다.

Recommended were further studies involving different pause lengths, subjects and stimulus materials, as well as the development of software that allows users to select from a variety of offered pause lengths.
추천했습니다. 다른 중지 길이와 주제와 자극 원료를 수반하는 더 먼 연구였습니다.

This dissertation contributes to research on scientific communication by a comparative case study of the "careers" of eight different theories in the social sciences over a period of approximately twenty years.
이 논문은 대략 20 년의 기간 동안 그 사회 과학에서의 여덟 다른 이론의 "경력"의 비교적인 사례 연구에 의해 과학적인 통신에서 연구에 공헌합니다.

These theories include work on institutional isomorphism, organizational citizenship behavior, vertical dyad linkage and leader-member exchange, electronic markets and hierarchies, marketing channel structure, social influences on technology adoption and utilization, the antecedents of whistleblowing behavior, and the development of "pseudo-community" in virtual environments.
기관의 동형, 조직의 시민권 행동, 수직의 둘 연결과 leader-member 교환에서, 이 이론은 일을 포함합니다.

The theories range from those that have received minimal levels of citation since their original publication, to several around which larger or smaller "invisible colleges" have already crystallized, to one "citation classic" that can be considered foundational to a sociological paradigm.
더 크거나 더 작은 "보이지 않은 대학"이 이미 결정이 된 몇몇에, 그것이 기본으로 고려될 수 있고 사회학적인 법례 한 "인용 고전적인"에, 그 이론은 더 크거나 더 작은 "보이지 않은 대학"이 이미 결정이 된 몇몇에 그들의 독창적인 발행(물) 이래로 인용의 최소의 수준을 받은 그것으로부터 뻗습니다.

Using citation analysis, citation context analysis, content analysis, surveys of editorial review boards, and personal interviews with theorists, a model of functional "theory characteristics" that appear to promote theory diffusion into particular channels around various epistemic communities is presented.
인용 문맥 분석, 내용 분석은 사설 평론[검토] 보드, 그리고 이론가, 그만큼 기능적인 "이론 특성"의 모델, 나타나는 다양한 epistemic한 사회 주위에 특별한 수로 안으로 이론 확산을 진전시키는 것이 나타나와의 개인 면접으로 조사합니다.

It is then compared to Everett Rogers's classic typology of "innovation characteristics that promote diffusion," and considered in the context of a variety of other ongoing research programs in diffusion, bibliometrics, and computational epistemology that study theories as part of the "commodification of justification.".
그리고 나서, 그것은 그리고 확산, Bibliometrics, 그리고 그 "의롭다고 여겨지기의 commodification"의 부분으로 이론을 공부하는 계산적인 인식론에서의 다른 다양한 전진하는 연구 프로그램의 문맥에서 고려되면서 Everett Rogers's의 "혁신 특성은 그만큼 확산을 진전시킵니다"의 고전적인 유형학과 비교됩니다.

Research libraries are currently expanding their electronic journal collections, and beginning to discontinue corresponding print journal subscriptions.
연구 도서관은 현재 그들의 전자의 저널 수집을 확장하고 있습니다. 그리고 일치 한 인쇄 저널 기부를 그만두기 시작합니다.

The transition to greater numbers of electronic journals is not always a smooth one.
전자의 저널의 더 큰 수로의 변이는 항상 매끄러운 것이 아닙니다.

Investigating this transitional situation.
이 변천하는 상태를 조사합니다.

this study reported on the current status and practices of the top quartile of ARL libraries.
이 연구는 도서관을 그 현재의 상태로 보고했고 ARL의 최고의 4분위 수로 연습합니다.

and sought to determine if there was sufficient basis for the development and implementation of a best practices.
그리고 가장 좋은 연습 중에서 그 개발 때문에 충분한 기초와 이행이 있었다면 결정하려고 노력했습니다.

model to help other libraries make their own transition.
다른 도서관이 그들의 자신의 변이를 만드는 것을 돕는 모델

A two-fold Web survey method was employed.
two-fold 웹 조사 방법은 선택되었습니다.

An initial Web survey was administered to the directors and chief collections officers.
처음의 웹 조사는 그 책임자와 최고위의 수집 장교에 다스려졌습니다.

A second survey was administered to the same population during the later phase of the research in order to confirm the proposed planning model.
1/2에, 조사는 그 연구의 더 늦은 단계 동안 그 같은 인구에 그 제안된 기획 모델을 확인하기 위해서 다스려졌습니다.

Survey results indicated that electronic journals had influenced activity surrounding print journal collections in these libraries.
조사 결과는 전자의 저널이 이 도서관에 있는 인쇄 저널 수집을 둘러싸는 활동에게 영향을 미친 것을 가리켰습니다.

Respondents were in agreement that electronic journal spending would require more of their library budgets in the future.
응답자는 전자의 저널 지출이 그들의 보다 많은 도서관 예산을 미래에 요구할 동의에서 있었습니다.

There are many factors that contribute to decision making surrounding the choice of journal format in the hybrid library.
그 잡종의 도서관에 있는 저널 형식의 선택을 둘러싸면서 만드는 결정에 공헌하는 많은 요소가 있습니다.

There is a moderately strong relationship between the influence of the factors regarding electronic and dual format journal choice.
전자이고 이중인 형식 저널 선택을 고려하는 요소의 영향 사이에서 적당하게 강한 관계가 있습니다.

Of high influence are many human factors.
높은 영향 중에서, 많은 사람의 요소가 있습니다.

Publisher enhancements are generally also influential.
출판자 강화는 또한 일반적으로 영향을 미칩니다.

The library leaders surveyed recognized the popularity of electronic information and see that over time their journal collections will shift from print to electronic.
조사된 도서관 지도자는 전자의 정보의 인기를 인식했고 전자의 그들의 저널 수집이 시간에서 인쇄로부터 이동할 것이라는 것을 압니다.

They also predicted future role shifts in which libraries and universities become more active in scholarly publishing and in electronic archiving.
그들은 또한 도서관과 대학교가 학자적인 발행하면서 전자의 기록보존하는 것에서 더욱 활동적으로 become하고 그리고 미래의 역할 변화를 예측했습니다.

This study explored a model to see if it could provide a framework for explaining the factors that influence the format selection for journals.
이 연구는 그것이 저널에 대한 형식 선택에게 영향을 미치는 요소를 설명하기 위한 기본틀을 제공할 수 있는 것을 보기 위해 모델을 탐험했습니다.

The model does contain factors that influence the hybrid library, but the study brought into question the application of the model?or any model?as a best practice.
그 모델은 그 잡종의 도서관에게 영향을 미치는 요소를 포함합니다. 그러나 그 연구는 질문 안으로 그 모델의 응용을 가져왔습니다.

 

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