영어로 된 글 번역좀 부탁드립니다(내공만땅)

영어로 된 글 번역좀 부탁드립니다(내공만땅)

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 How Lunar Eclipses Have Changed History

 

  Lunar eclipses have always fascinated people. study eclipses as an astronomical phenomenon; others just enjoy observing their beauty. However, in ancient --and even in more recent--times, lunar eclipses were mysterious, unpredictable, and frightening. In the past, people believed that eclipses were bad omens, or signs, and this superstition has often affected historical events. For instance, a lunar eclipse was partly responsible for the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

 

  Constantinople was named for the Roman emperor Constantine, who moved his capital to Byzantium (present-day Istanbul in Turkey) in 324 A.D. The Byzantine government ruled the area for over a thousand years.

 

  In the 15th century, the Ottoman Empire was planning to take over Constantinople. The Turkish troops attacked Constantinople in 1402 and again in 1422, but did not succeed. Then in 1451, sultan Mohammed II attacked the city again. Mohammed II had several advantages over the defenders of the city. For instance, he had 250,000 men in his army;Constantinople was fortified by only 7,000 troops. The sultan also had a new style of cannon that shot stones  that weighed 1,300 pounds. This weapon was capable of breaking through Constantinople's thick walls. In April 1453, the Turkish army attacked the city's thick walls with its new cannon. The defenders, however, repaired the walls every night. Furthermore, they attacked back several times. Still, after some time, the 7,000 defenders became exhausted. They never thought of giving up, however, because they had faith in an old prophecy. The prediction stated that Constantinople could never fall while the moon was becoming full. Unfortunately, on May 22, 1453, the full moon went into an eclipse. The defenders felt frightened and helpless. Three days later, Mohammed II attacked the city again. In a very short time, the Turkish army overpowered Constantinople's troops. Constantinople's defenders had believed the evil omen about the moon; the lunar eclipse made them feel that the battle would be hopeless, and they lost their ability to protect their city from the enemy.

 

  A lunar eclipse affected the course of history in Asia, too. According to an ancient Chinese maxim, or saying, each Chinese dynasty starts out when the previous dynasty becomes corrupt, i.e.,immoral. This principle is called the Mandate of Heaven because signs in the sky will show that the emperor has become unworthy to rule. The Manchu (Ch'ing) Dynasty in China began its rule in 1644. At first the dynasty was a glorious one, but by the mid 1800s it had become very corrupt. Finally, in 1851, the Taiping Rebellion took place in order to overthrow the Manchu Dynasty. Some Western powers helped the Manchus try to remain in power. The Manchus also received help from an army of mercenary¹soldiers. A British officer named Charles Gordon was a very successful leader of this mercenary army. 

(note ¹: Mercenaries are men who make money by hiring themselves out as soldiers to anyone who is willing to pay them. They are also called soldiers of fortune.)

 

  The rebels were defending the city of Soochow, and Gordon's forces were beating them. The rebels' final defense was at the east gate of the city. Gordon decided to make a night attack because there was a full moon and his troops would have enough light to see by. Unfortunately, on the night he chose for his assault there was a lunar eclipse. The Chinese mercenaries interpreted the eclipse as an evil omen, based on the Mandate of Heaven, and felt defeated even before they began to fight. The attack on Soochow was unsuccessful, and a large number of the mercenary soldiers were killed. This battle was Gordon's only loss. Although the mercenaries were unable to take Shoochow' the Taiping Rebellion failed, and the Manchu Dynasty remained in power.

 

  Today, scientists can predict lunar eclipses. We no longer fear them as evil omens. However, it is not difficult to understand how, in the past, people believed that eclipses were signs of disaster because they did not understand their true cause.

 


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How Lunar Eclipses Have Changed History
월식이 어떻게 역사를 바꾸었는가
 

  Lunar eclipses have always fascinated people. study eclipses as an astronomical phenomenon; others just enjoy observing their beauty. However, in ancient --and even in more recent--times, lunar eclipses were mysterious, unpredictable, and frightening. In the past, people believed that eclipses were bad omens, or signs, and this superstition has often affected historical events. For instance, a lunar eclipse was partly responsible for the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
월식은 언제나 사람들을 매료시켜왔다. (? 주어가 없군요. 아마 People인 듯 하니 의역합니다) 어떤 사람들은 월식을 천문학적 현상으로서 연구하고, 다른 사람들은 그저 그 아름다움을 관찰하는 것을 즐긴다. 그러나 고대에는 - 뿐만아니라 꽤 최근에도 -, 월식은 신비스럽고, 예측할 수 없고, 그리고 무서운 것이었다. 과거에 사람들은 월식을 불길한 전조로 믿었으며, 이 미신은 종종 역사적인 사건에 영향을 주었다. 예를 들면, 월식은 1453년의 콘스탄티노플 함락에 어느 정도 관련이 있다.
 

  Constantinople was named for the Roman emperor Constantine, who moved his capital to Byzantium (present-day Istanbul in Turkey) in 324 A.D. The Byzantine government ruled the area for over a thousand years.
콘스탄티노플은 서력 324년에 수도를 비잔티움(오늘날의 터키의 이스탄불)로마 황제 콘스탄틴의 이름을 땄다. 비잔틴 정부는 이 지역을 천년 이상 지배했다.
 

  In the 15th century, the Ottoman Empire was planning to take over Constantinople. The Turkish troops attacked Constantinople in 1402 and again in 1422, but did not succeed. Then in 1451, sultan Mohammed II attacked the city again. Mohammed II had several advantages over the defenders of the city. For instance, he had 250,000 men in his army;Constantinople was fortified by only 7,000 troops. The sultan also had a new style of cannon that shot stones  that weighed 1,300 pounds. This weapon was capable of breaking through Constantinople's thick walls. In April 1453, the Turkish army attacked the city's thick walls with its new cannon. The defenders, however, repaired the walls every night. Furthermore, they attacked back several times. Still, after some time, the 7,000 defenders became exhausted. They never thought of giving up, however, because they had faith in an old prophecy. The prediction stated that Constantinople could never fall while the moon was becoming full. Unfortunately, on May 22, 1453, the full moon went into an eclipse. The defenders felt frightened and helpless. Three days later, Mohammed II attacked the city again. In a very short time, the Turkish army overpowered Constantinople's troops. Constantinople's defenders had believed the evil omen about the moon; the lunar eclipse made them feel that the battle would be hopeless, and they lost their ability to protect their city from the enemy.
15세기, 오토만 제국은 콘스탄티노플을 점령할 계획을 세워다. 투르크군은 1402년과 1422년에 콘스탄티노플을 공격했지만 성공하지 못했다. 그리고 1451년, 술탄 모하메드 2세가 이 도시를 다시 공격했다. 모하메드 2세는 도시 수비병들에 비해 여러 유리한 점이 있었다. 예를 들면, 그는 25만 대군을 거느리고 있었던 데 반해, 콘스탄티노플은 고작 7천 명의 병사들에 의해 지켜지고 있었다. 술탄은 또한 1300파운드나 되는 돌을 발사하는 신형 대포를 가지고 있었다. 이 무기는 콘스탄티노플의 두꺼운 성벽을 부술 수 있었다. 그러나 수비병들은 매일 밤 성벽을 수리했다. 게다가, 그들은 여러 번 반격하기까지 했다. 하지만, 시간이 조금 지나자 7천 명의 수비병들은 지칠 대로 지쳤다. 그러나 그들은 옛 예언에 대한 믿음을 가지고 있었기에 결코 포기할 생각은 하지 않았다. 그 예언은, 달이 차는 동안(보름달이 되어가는 동안)에는 콘스탄티노플은 결코 함락되지 않을 것이라 했다. 그러나 불행하게도, 1453년 5월 22일에 보름달이 월식으로 들어갔다. 수비병들은 공포와 무력감을 느꼈다. 3일 후, 모하메드 2세는 다시 도시를 공격했다. 투르크 군은 순식간에 콘스탄티노플 군을 압도했다. 콘스탄티노플 수비병들은 달에 관한 불길한 예언을 믿었다; 월식은 그들에게 전투에 희망이 없다고 느끼게 했으며, 따라서 그들은 그들의 도시를 적으로부터 지킬 능력을 잃었다.
 

  A lunar eclipse affected the course of history in Asia, too. According to an ancient Chinese maxim, or saying, each Chinese dynasty starts out when the previous dynasty becomes corrupt, i.e.,immoral. This principle is called the Mandate of Heaven because signs in the sky will show that the emperor has become unworthy to rule. The Manchu (Ch'ing) Dynasty in China began its rule in 1644. At first the dynasty was a glorious one, but by the mid 1800s it had become very corrupt. Finally, in 1851, the Taiping Rebellion took place in order to overthrow the Manchu Dynasty. Some Western powers helped the Manchus try to remain in power. The Manchus also received help from an army of mercenary¹soldiers. A British officer named Charles Gordon was a very successful leader of this mercenary army. 
월식은 아시아의 역사의 흐름에 영향을 주기도 했다. 옛 중국 격언에 따르면, 모든 중국의 왕조는 전 왕조가 부패, 즉 도덕적으로 타락했을 때 시작된다. 이 규칙은 하늘의 뜻이라고 불리웠는데, 하늘이 황제에게 덕이 없음을 보여주기 때문이었다. 청 왕조는 1644년에 중국을 지배하기 시작했다. 처음에 이 왕조는 영광스러웠지만, 1800년대 중반에 이르러 대단히 부패했다. 이윽고, 1851년에 청 왕조를 뒤엎기 위해 태평천국의 난이 일어났다. 몇몇 서양 세력들은 청나라가 계속 중국을 지배하도록 하기 위해 도왔다. 또, 청나라는 용병부대의 도움도 받았다. 찰스 고든이라는 영국 장교는 이 용병 부대의 대단히 성공적인 지휘관이었다.


(note ¹: Mercenaries are men who make money by hiring themselves out as soldiers to anyone who is willing to pay them. They are also called soldiers of fortune.)
(노트: 용병이란 누구든지 보수를 지불하기만 하면 고용주를 위해 병사로서 싸우는 사람들이다. 그들은 soldier of fortune이라 불리기도 한다.)
 

  The rebels were defending the city of Soochow, and Gordon's forces were beating them. The rebels' final defense was at the east gate of the city. Gordon decided to make a night attack because there was a full moon and his troops would have enough light to see by. Unfortunately, on the night he chose for his assault there was a lunar eclipse. The Chinese mercenaries interpreted the eclipse as an evil omen, based on the Mandate of Heaven, and felt defeated even before they began to fight. The attack on Soochow was unsuccessful, and a large number of the mercenary soldiers were killed. This battle was Gordon's only loss. Although the mercenaries were unable to take Shoochow' the Taiping Rebellion failed, and the Manchu Dynasty remained in power.
반군들은 Soochow를 지키고 있었고, 고든의 군대는 그들을 짓밟고 있었다. 반군들의 최종 방어선은 도시의 동쪽 문이었다. 그 때는 보름달이므로 밤에도 충분히 시야가 트였기에 고든은 야습을 하기로 했다. 그러나 불행하게도, 그가 공격하기로 한 날 밤에 월식이 일어났다. 중국 용병들은 월식을 하늘의 뜻에 의한 불길한 전조로 받아들였고, 싸움을 시작하기도 전에 패배감을 느꼈다. Soochow 공격은 실패했고, 많은 용병들이 죽었다. 이 전투는 고든의 유일한 패배였다. 비록 용병들이 Soochow을 점령하는 데는 실패했지만, 태평천국 반란은 실패했고, 청 왕조는 계속 유지되었다.
 

  Today, scientists can predict lunar eclipses. We no longer fear them as evil omens. However, it is not difficult to understand how, in the past, people believed that eclipses were signs of disaster because they did not understand their true cause.
오늘날, 과학자들은 월식을 예측할 수 있다. 우리는 더 이상 그것을 불길한 전조로 보지 않는다. 그러나, 과거에 사람들이 그것의 진짜 원인을 이해하지 못했기에 월식을 재앙의 전조로 믿었던 것을 이해하는 것은 어렵지 않다.

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