영어로 된 글 번역좀 부탁드립니다(내공만땅)
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한글로 번역 좀 부탁드립니다
내공 많이드리겠습니다
번역기는 사절입니다. 되도록 자연스럽게 해주시면 감사하겠습니다.
How Lunar Eclipses Have Changed History
Lunar eclipses have always fascinated people. study eclipses as an astronomical phenomenon; others just enjoy observing their beauty. However, in ancient --and even in more recent--times, lunar eclipses were mysterious, unpredictable, and frightening. In the past, people believed that eclipses were bad omens, or signs, and this superstition has often affected historical events. For instance, a lunar eclipse was partly responsible for the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
Constantinople was named for the Roman emperor Constantine, who moved his capital to Byzantium (present-day Istanbul in Turkey) in 324 A.D. The Byzantine government ruled the area for over a thousand years.
In the 15th century, the Ottoman Empire was planning to take over Constantinople. The Turkish troops attacked Constantinople in 1402 and again in 1422, but did not succeed. Then in 1451, sultan Mohammed II attacked the city again. Mohammed II had several advantages over the defenders of the city. For instance, he had 250,000 men in his army;Constantinople was fortified by only 7,000 troops. The sultan also had a new style of cannon that shot stones that weighed 1,300 pounds. This weapon was capable of breaking through Constantinople's thick walls. In April 1453, the Turkish army attacked the city's thick walls with its new cannon. The defenders, however, repaired the walls every night. Furthermore, they attacked back several times. Still, after some time, the 7,000 defenders became exhausted. They never thought of giving up, however, because they had faith in an old prophecy. The prediction stated that Constantinople could never fall while the moon was becoming full. Unfortunately, on May 22, 1453, the full moon went into an eclipse. The defenders felt frightened and helpless. Three days later, Mohammed II attacked the city again. In a very short time, the Turkish army overpowered Constantinople's troops. Constantinople's defenders had believed the evil omen about the moon; the lunar eclipse made them feel that the battle would be hopeless, and they lost their ability to protect their city from the enemy.
A lunar eclipse affected the course of history in Asia, too. According to an ancient Chinese maxim, or saying, each Chinese dynasty starts out when the previous dynasty becomes corrupt, i.e.,immoral. This principle is called the Mandate of Heaven because signs in the sky will show that the emperor has become unworthy to rule. The Manchu (Ch'ing) Dynasty in China began its rule in 1644. At first the dynasty was a glorious one, but by the mid 1800s it had become very corrupt. Finally, in 1851, the Taiping Rebellion took place in order to overthrow the Manchu Dynasty. Some Western powers helped the Manchus try to remain in power. The Manchus also received help from an army of mercenary¹soldiers. A British officer named Charles Gordon was a very successful leader of this mercenary army.
(note ¹: Mercenaries are men who make money by hiring themselves out as soldiers to anyone who is willing to pay them. They are also called soldiers of fortune.)
The rebels were defending the city of Soochow, and Gordon's forces were beating them. The rebels' final defense was at the east gate of the city. Gordon decided to make a night attack because there was a full moon and his troops would have enough light to see by. Unfortunately, on the night he chose for his assault there was a lunar eclipse. The Chinese mercenaries interpreted the eclipse as an evil omen, based on the Mandate of Heaven, and felt defeated even before they began to fight. The attack on Soochow was unsuccessful, and a large number of the mercenary soldiers were killed. This battle was Gordon's only loss. Although the mercenaries were unable to take Shoochow' the Taiping Rebellion failed, and the Manchu Dynasty remained in power.
Today, scientists can predict lunar eclipses. We no longer fear them as evil omens. However, it is not difficult to understand how, in the past, people believed that eclipses were signs of disaster because they did not understand their true cause.
한글로 번역 좀 부탁드립니다
내공 많이드리겠습니다
번역기는 사절입니다. 되도록 자연스럽게 해주시면 감사하겠습니다.
How Lunar Eclipses Have Changed History
Lunar eclipses have always fascinated people. study eclipses as an astronomical phenomenon; others just enjoy observing their beauty. However, in ancient --and even in more recent--times, lunar eclipses were mysterious, unpredictable, and frightening. In the past, people believed that eclipses were bad omens, or signs, and this superstition has often affected historical events. For instance, a lunar eclipse was partly responsible for the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
Constantinople was named for the Roman emperor Constantine, who moved his capital to Byzantium (present-day Istanbul in Turkey) in 324 A.D. The Byzantine government ruled the area for over a thousand years.
In the 15th century, the Ottoman Empire was planning to take over Constantinople. The Turkish troops attacked Constantinople in 1402 and again in 1422, but did not succeed. Then in 1451, sultan Mohammed II attacked the city again. Mohammed II had several advantages over the defenders of the city. For instance, he had 250,000 men in his army;Constantinople was fortified by only 7,000 troops. The sultan also had a new style of cannon that shot stones that weighed 1,300 pounds. This weapon was capable of breaking through Constantinople's thick walls. In April 1453, the Turkish army attacked the city's thick walls with its new cannon. The defenders, however, repaired the walls every night. Furthermore, they attacked back several times. Still, after some time, the 7,000 defenders became exhausted. They never thought of giving up, however, because they had faith in an old prophecy. The prediction stated that Constantinople could never fall while the moon was becoming full. Unfortunately, on May 22, 1453, the full moon went into an eclipse. The defenders felt frightened and helpless. Three days later, Mohammed II attacked the city again. In a very short time, the Turkish army overpowered Constantinople's troops. Constantinople's defenders had believed the evil omen about the moon; the lunar eclipse made them feel that the battle would be hopeless, and they lost their ability to protect their city from the enemy.
A lunar eclipse affected the course of history in Asia, too. According to an ancient Chinese maxim, or saying, each Chinese dynasty starts out when the previous dynasty becomes corrupt, i.e.,immoral. This principle is called the Mandate of Heaven because signs in the sky will show that the emperor has become unworthy to rule. The Manchu (Ch'ing) Dynasty in China began its rule in 1644. At first the dynasty was a glorious one, but by the mid 1800s it had become very corrupt. Finally, in 1851, the Taiping Rebellion took place in order to overthrow the Manchu Dynasty. Some Western powers helped the Manchus try to remain in power. The Manchus also received help from an army of mercenary¹soldiers. A British officer named Charles Gordon was a very successful leader of this mercenary army.
(note ¹: Mercenaries are men who make money by hiring themselves out as soldiers to anyone who is willing to pay them. They are also called soldiers of fortune.)
The rebels were defending the city of Soochow, and Gordon's forces were beating them. The rebels' final defense was at the east gate of the city. Gordon decided to make a night attack because there was a full moon and his troops would have enough light to see by. Unfortunately, on the night he chose for his assault there was a lunar eclipse. The Chinese mercenaries interpreted the eclipse as an evil omen, based on the Mandate of Heaven, and felt defeated even before they began to fight. The attack on Soochow was unsuccessful, and a large number of the mercenary soldiers were killed. This battle was Gordon's only loss. Although the mercenaries were unable to take Shoochow' the Taiping Rebellion failed, and the Manchu Dynasty remained in power.
Today, scientists can predict lunar eclipses. We no longer fear them as evil omens. However, it is not difficult to understand how, in the past, people believed that eclipses were signs of disaster because they did not understand their true cause.
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