영어 문장 번역 (내공 1000)
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게시물 수정 , 삭제는 로그인 필요
영어 문장 번역 부탁드립니다, 이미 파파고로 돌려봤지만 문장이 말도 안되고 읽기도 힘들어서 번역 해주시면 감사하겠습니다. 내용이 길어서 내공 많이 드립니다 ㅠㅠ (파파고는 이미 돌려봤으니 실력자님의 번역 부탁드립니다ㅠㅠ 알아들을 수 있다면 ok)
We used balance theory to understand the interplay between adolescents’ friendship and antipathy networks. Heider’s balance theory (1946, 1958) describes how relationships shape a person’s sentiment (e.g., athought, view, attitude, or feeling) about any ‘situation, event, idea,or a thing’ (Heider, 1946: 107). That is, the valence of a person’s tie to a second person (and how the second person ‘feels’ about some-thing) influences the focal person’s opinion or attitude about others. Hence, Heider (1946) assigned meaning to the influence of a second person to whom the focal person is tied.
The key assumption of balance theory is that people prefer balanced configurations over imbalanced ones (Doreian et al., 2005). For instance, having the same opinion about certain objects as those who you are friends with is in line with one’s expectations of what a friendship should look like. This leads to configurations that are congruent as they are perceived as comfortable and stable. In contrast, people tend to avoid configurations that are imbalanced as disagreeing with friends causes strain and tension, and hence, people will change their relationship, opinion or attitude.
Heider’s balance theory (1946, 1958) has been used to explain a wide range of socio-psychological phenomena (e.g., relative deprivation, political opinions, conflict management, job mobility, social comparison processes, leadership and group effectiveness, social behavior, communication; see Davis, 1963), showing that an individual’s positive (or negative) attitude about a situation or issue depends on the individual’s relationship with a friend and that friend’s positive (or negative) attitude toward the situation or issue. Although balance theory was rooted in (social) psychology, the main principles also have been applied to sociometric triplets of three individuals who share ties to one another. The best-known example of such a configurationis transitivity; the tendency to call a ‘friend of a friend as one’s own friend.’
Balance theory research has been divided into two main groups, cognitive balance theory to explain individuals’ cognitive reasoning, and structural balance theory to explain structurally determined social relationships. We place ourselves in the latter category but recognize that relationships are formed and maintained in the presence of cognitive functioning. We consider such processes by taking an actor-based social choice approach similar to that taken in recent structural balance research as outlined by Hummon and Doreian (2003), which takes the group dynamics of social balance processes into account. We assume that (1) actors have pre-existing knowledge, whether accurate or not, about each other’s tie choices and preferences,(2) actors have some awareness of the wider group structure, and (3) tie choices made by actors to achieve balance are based on what they know at the time they make a choice, and that their social knowledge changes as they learn about and react to their social environment (see for a discussion Hummon and Doreian, 2003).
Although the line of balance theory research, both structural and social, is long and extensive, the theory only infrequently has been explored in dynamic contexts. It is important to note here that a cross-sectional design is insufficient, because structural balance theory is a theory of change. It assumes an interrelation and interchangeability between positive and negative relationships. Moreover, empirical studies in which a ‘complete dynamic network’ approach was taken, and in which important alternative selection mechanisms (i.e., structural tendencies and selection homophily) were controlled for, are scarce. To enhance our knowledge of balance mechanisms, we examined multiple social networks (positively and negatively tied) simultaneously over time as well as their mutual dependence, while controlling for the roles ofthe individual(i.e., age, gender, and ethnicity) and behavioral dispositions (i.e., prosocial and antisocial behavior) of individuals in the formation and maintenance of relationships with others, using the stochastic actor-oriented model (SAOM). This allowed us to examine the main principles of balance theory, which are described below.
We used balance theory to understand the interplay between adolescents’ friendship and antipathy networks. Heider’s balance theory (1946, 1958) describes how relationships shape a person’s sentiment (e.g., athought, view, attitude, or feeling) about any ‘situation, event, idea,or a thing’ (Heider, 1946: 107). That is, the valence of a person’s tie to a second person (and how the second person ‘feels’ about some-thing) influences the focal person’s opinion or attitude about others. Hence, Heider (1946) assigned meaning to the influence of a second person to whom the focal person is tied.
The key assumption of balance theory is that people prefer balanced configurations over imbalanced ones (Doreian et al., 2005). For instance, having the same opinion about certain objects as those who you are friends with is in line with one’s expectations of what a friendship should look like. This leads to configurations that are congruent as they are perceived as comfortable and stable. In contrast, people tend to avoid configurations that are imbalanced as disagreeing with friends causes strain and tension, and hence, people will change their relationship, opinion or attitude.
Heider’s balance theory (1946, 1958) has been used to explain a wide range of socio-psychological phenomena (e.g., relative deprivation, political opinions, conflict management, job mobility, social comparison processes, leadership and group effectiveness, social behavior, communication; see Davis, 1963), showing that an individual’s positive (or negative) attitude about a situation or issue depends on the individual’s relationship with a friend and that friend’s positive (or negative) attitude toward the situation or issue. Although balance theory was rooted in (social) psychology, the main principles also have been applied to sociometric triplets of three individuals who share ties to one another. The best-known example of such a configurationis transitivity; the tendency to call a ‘friend of a friend as one’s own friend.’
Balance theory research has been divided into two main groups, cognitive balance theory to explain individuals’ cognitive reasoning, and structural balance theory to explain structurally determined social relationships. We place ourselves in the latter category but recognize that relationships are formed and maintained in the presence of cognitive functioning. We consider such processes by taking an actor-based social choice approach similar to that taken in recent structural balance research as outlined by Hummon and Doreian (2003), which takes the group dynamics of social balance processes into account. We assume that (1) actors have pre-existing knowledge, whether accurate or not, about each other’s tie choices and preferences,(2) actors have some awareness of the wider group structure, and (3) tie choices made by actors to achieve balance are based on what they know at the time they make a choice, and that their social knowledge changes as they learn about and react to their social environment (see for a discussion Hummon and Doreian, 2003).
Although the line of balance theory research, both structural and social, is long and extensive, the theory only infrequently has been explored in dynamic contexts. It is important to note here that a cross-sectional design is insufficient, because structural balance theory is a theory of change. It assumes an interrelation and interchangeability between positive and negative relationships. Moreover, empirical studies in which a ‘complete dynamic network’ approach was taken, and in which important alternative selection mechanisms (i.e., structural tendencies and selection homophily) were controlled for, are scarce. To enhance our knowledge of balance mechanisms, we examined multiple social networks (positively and negatively tied) simultaneously over time as well as their mutual dependence, while controlling for the roles ofthe individual(i.e., age, gender, and ethnicity) and behavioral dispositions (i.e., prosocial and antisocial behavior) of individuals in the formation and maintenance of relationships with others, using the stochastic actor-oriented model (SAOM). This allowed us to examine the main principles of balance theory, which are described below.
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