수능특강 영어 자료

 

안녕하세요 목동영어수학전문학원 길벗아카데미 영어과 이정구입니다.

 

EBS 수능특강 영어영역 B형

1강

Researchers have suggested that maintaining good social relations depends on two ① complementary processes: being sensitive to the needs of others and being motivated to make amends or pay compensation when a violation does occur. In short, maintaining good social relations depends on the ② capacity for guilt. Martin L. Hoffman, who has focused on the guilt that comes from harming others, suggests that the motivational basis for this guilt is empathetic distress. Empathetic distress occurs when people ③ deny that their actions have caused harm or pain to another person. Motivated by feelings of guilt, they are ④ inclined to make amends for their actions. Making amends serves to repair damaged social relations and ⑤ restore group harmony.

1.

New ideas are usually presented just that way ─ as new. Different. Unlike what's gone before. Bad news! This doesn't give the listener or learner any grounding, context, or reason to believe they can tune in. We all need to feel some ownership of turf before we venture forth to a world that is (A) known / unknown. "Turf" in this case means knowing that past information and experience, one's background, is valuable and useful in a new situation. New data creates major (B) curiosity / resistance since one doesn't know how to listen to it, to relate to or even imagine it. Thus, the safest way to discuss new information is to begin with what is known. To start with the familiar and then to add the new as (C) copies / variations from the old. To establish and remind one of what is, then show how it leads to what could be.

2.

The spread of agricultural techniques came about through borrowing and cultural contact as well as through migration. Farming, in other words, developed in response to local conditions. As the last Ice Age ended and hunting and fishing techniques improved, a general increase in population (A) fixed / upset the Paleolithic ecology. Game became scarcer and more elusive while the human competition for dwindling resources grew more intense. Herding and the cultivation of row crops were soon essential to survival. In time, as the human population continued to grow, herding (B) diminished / increased. It provided fewer calories per unit of land than farming and was increasingly restricted to areas otherwise unsuitable for cultivation. Though crop raising would always be supplemented to some extent by other sources of food, it gradually emerged as the (C) primary / secondary activity wherever land could be cultivated.

3.

Try to think of a choice you have made that was not in accord with your strongest inclination at the time. We sometimes get (A) clear / confused about this because we are assaulted with a wide variety of inclinations, and they change in intensity from time to time. For example, after we have finished a heavy meal, it is easy to decide to go on a diet. After a few hours, however, we become hungry again and the desire for food (B) decreases / intensifies. If we reach the point that we want to eat some pie more than we want to lose weight, we choose the pie over the diet. We have a real desire to be thin, but that desire runs up against our desire for dietary (C) pleasures / knowledge. The problem is that all things do not stay equal.

4.

Amy, the student who was skeptical about the benefits of sitting closer to the front of class, agreed to try it once or twice. To her own surprise, she found that she did not get (A) drowsy / energetic during class. She reported having thought to herself, "Well, if I'm this close I may as well take notes," which she had done only occasionally before. When she could not get a few important points, she found that the fellow second-rowers on either side of her had, and both were (B) willing / reluctant to help her fill the gaps in her own notes. After two weeks of trying the second row, she surprised herself by asking a question in class. While still feeling somewhat uncertain about how committed she was to being a student, she felt she could not go wrong by (C) continuing / refusing to sit toward the front.

5.

In general, temperatures at the South Pole average 54℃ lower than the North Pole. So why is the southern tip of the Earth so much ① colder than the northern tip? The answer lies in the ② geography of each location. While the North Pole is, by definition, located at sea level ─ there is no solid land at the North Pole, only a series of icy ③ formations in winter ─ the South Pole sits 2,730 meters above sea level. Higher elevations are colder than locations at low ④ altitudes, because seawater acts as an insulator, holding in heat from the sun and warming the air around it. Because the North Pole is nothing but seawater, it is able to ⑤ release heat more efficiently than the high-and-dry South Pole.

6.

Protection of biological diversity targets not only the goal of conserving natural resources; the primary ① emphasis of development cooperation is placed on preserving people's livelihoods. It is the rural poor who are most ② dependent on biological diversity. Diversity of farm animal breeds and crop plants used in local agriculture is essential to their food supply and ③ damages productivity as well as adaptability to disease or changing environmental conditions. Intact ecosystems ensure the provision of environmental services, for example, to ④ produce clean drinking water, nutrient-rich soils and oxygen, as well as to pollinate crop plants. They form the basis for all human life. Forests and other natural ecosystems offer the possibility to gather wild plants and hunt animals, thereby providing many rural inhabitants with a major supplementary food source, in particular when crop harvests are ⑤ poor.

7.

Free competition, which was the watchword of nineteenth-century liberalism, had undoubtedly much to be said in its ① favour. It increased the wealth of the nations, and it accelerated the transition from handicrafts to machine industry; it tended to remove artificial injustices and ② realised Napoleon's ideal of opening careers to talent. It left, however, one great injustice ③ corrected ─ the injustice due to unequal talents. In a world of free competition the man whom Nature has made energetic and astute grows rich, while the man whose merits are of a less ④ competitive kind remains poor. The result is that the gentle and contemplative types remain without power, and that those who acquire power believe that their success is due to their ⑤ virtues. The underdog remains, therefore, without any champions possessing the kind of ability that leads to success.

8.

People are social beings. We appreciate the ① company of our own kind. How physically close we tolerate or enjoy the presence of others, for how long, and under what conditions ② vary noticeably from culture to culture. In a sparsely settled part of the world, the Kalahari Desert, the Kung Bushmen live under ③ crowded conditions. In a Bushman camp the average space each person has is only 188 square feet, which is far less than the 350 square feet per person regarded as the desirable standard by the American Public Health Association. Space in a Bushman camp is arranged to ④ avoid maximum contact. Typically huts are so close that people sitting at different hearths can hand items back and forth without getting up. The desert does not lack space. Bushmen live close by ⑤ choice, and they do not show symptoms of biological stress.

2강

In many countries, amongst younger people, the habit of reading newspapers has been on the decline and some of the dollars previously (A) spent / were spent on newspaper advertising have migrated to the Internet. Of course some of this decline in newspaper reading has been due to the fact that we are doing more of our newspaper reading online. We can read the news of the day, or the latest on business, entertainment or (B) however / whatever news on the websites of The New York Times, The Guardian or almost any other major newspaper in the world. Increasingly, we can access these stories wirelessly by mobile devices as well as our computers. Advertising dollars have simply been (C) followed / following the migration trail across to these new technologies.

1.

In your new home, you may (A) any / no longer need to own large equipment such as lawnmowers and chainsaws. Because these items might contain oil or gas, throwing them away could be harmful to the environment. In addition, this equipment might (B) have / have been stored for quite some time and could be old and dirty. Taking the time to clean these items and to find a proper way to get rid of them is safer for the environment. Local environmental agencies across the country have set up programs (C) for / that homeowners to trade in their old gasoline powered lawnmowers and electric equipment. Contact your local solid waste or environmental agency to ask about these programs.

2.

One thing that we need to be careful of is not to let our evaluations (A) are / be biased by our memories, particularly when it comes to grand events. In 1993, Joe Carter won the World Series for the Toronto Blue Jays with a walk-off home run, and few people will forget that. He had plenty of home runs in his career ─ he's forty-fifth on the all-time home run list with 396 ─ which is (B) because / why we tend to think of him as a very good player. But actually, Carter was very average. When he wasn't hitting home runs, he was making a lot of outs. Nearly 70 percent of his trips to the plate resulted in an out for his team, compared to the league average of 67 percent. As fans, we find it (C) easy / easily to remember the home runs. In a game where an out is the most common outcome, outs do not stick in our memories.

3.

Residential locations show a hierarchy of values. As in a house the working parts lie concealed in the basement, so in a city the industrial and commercial base (A) hugs / hugging the water's edge; and private homes rise in prestige with elevation. The rich and powerful not only own more real estate than the less privileged, they also command more visual space. Their status (B) has / is made evident to outsiders by the superior location of their residence; and from their residence the rich are reassured of their position in life each time they look out the window and see the world at their feet. Again, there are exceptions. A well-known one is Rio de Janeiro, where luxury high-rise buildings seek the convenience and attraction of the beach (C) which / while the huts of the poor cling to the steep slopes of the hills.

4.

As a form of mobility, travel is an integral component of the human experience. There are a number of different conceptions of travel (A) using / used in the leisure and recreation fields, with the concept changing over time. Since 1990, the concept of travel has become increasingly important in sociology and human geography. Different levels of mobility have led to distinct cultures of travel consumption. It is also recognized that, (B) because / because of communication technology, it is possible to have access to different cultures and landscapes without requiring physical mobility. Instead, virtual mobility and travel is growing in importance both as a form of recreational activity and as a means of promotion by places seeking to attract visitors. Nevertheless, the consumption of travel services cannot be separated from the social and economic relations (C) which / in which they are embedded.

5.

I once saw a young girl who ① had spent months in hospital with paralyzed legs. As a last resort, her parents called in a psychologist, and the next day she was walking. She told me a story about her drawing that gave a lead to the secret problem. She felt ② guilty because she was growing too big-boned to be able to become a professional ballet dancer. Her family had invested so much in her ballet lessons, and ③ was expected a brilliant future for her. The psychologist helped her to see her many other talents she could develop, and that she needed no excuses for stopping serious ballet. She got out of bed and walked. The paralysis had been real, but ④ its solution was not medical. It was the recognition of the unconscious conflict ⑤ that cured her.

6.

Every time we approach a problem, we bring to bear assumptions that limit our ability to conceive fresh solutions, but brilliant thinkers are always aware of the assumptions and ① are always happy to confront them. There is a story ② told about a northern pike. A pike was put into an aquarium, which had a glass screen dividing it. In the other half from the pike there were many small fish. The pike tried repeatedly ③ to eat the fish but each time hit the glass screen. The screen was eventually removed, but the pike did not attack the little fish. It had learned that trying to eat the little fish was useless and painful, so it stopped ④ trying. We often suffer from this 'pike syndrome,' ⑤ which early experience conditions us into wrong assumptions about similar but different situations.

7.

In experiments, we are interested in overall differences between the various conditions. Suppose we find that participants randomly assigned to be alone ① help a victim more quickly than participants assigned to groups of two or four bystanders. Before concluding that the number of bystanders influenced the speed of helping, we must first ask ② that this difference is "real" or is merely a "chance" finding. Because our data are based only on a particular sample of people in each condition, how do we know that similar results ③ would have occurred if we had tested other samples? Perhaps, the participants we tested were not truly representative of the populations ④ from which they were drawn. Perhaps, despite random assignment, participants assigned to be alone happened by chance to have more highly altruistic personalities than ⑤ those in the other conditions, and this is the reason they helped more quickly.

8.

Perhaps the best-known statue in the world is one of Venus, the goddess of love and beauty,

① which was found on the Greek island of Melos. It is called The Venus of Melos. She has a perfect Greek nose, though we can't see it in the front view. We do not know who the sculptor was, but some people think that one of the pupils of Praxiteles ② must have made it. This Venus has no arms, but many people have tried to imagine what the arms were doing when she ③ did have them. Some say that she was holding a bronze shield on her knee and looking into its brightly polished surface to see ④ her. People had no glass mirrors at that time. Their mirrors were made of shiny metal. Others say she held a lance, or ⑤ possibly nothing at all, but no one is sure.

3강

Why is it difficult to find a runner who competes equally well in both 100-m and 10,000-m races? The primary reason is that our muscles contain two main types of muscle fibers, called slow and fast muscle fibers. Slow muscle fibers are muscle cells that can sustain repeated contractions but don't generate a lot of quick power for the body. They perform better in endurance exercises, like long-distance running, which require slow, steady muscle activity. Fast muscle fibers are cells that can contract more quickly and powerfully than slow muscle fibers but fatigue much more easily; they function best for short bursts of intense activity, like weight lifting or sprinting.

1.

Garrett Hardin, who called attention to the damage that innocent actions by individuals can inflict on the environment, held that all forms of commonly managed property would necessarily be degraded over time. But we have found, on the contrary, that under appropriate conditions many people do organize effectively to protect natural environments. Some institutions, such as in Switzerland, have recorded histories of persistence over centuries. Others, such as in Nepal, have been successful at maintaining forests even in conditions of extreme conflict and armed violence. Developing shared norms and rules that are considered reasonable and fair is crucial for achieving effective management of common property. Local groups in different environments and cultures have developed an unbelievable variety of ways to do this using their considerable indigenous knowledge.

2.

Not all writers acknowledge their co-authors in their books. Sarah Walker's The Promise of an American Life is a case in point. Nowhere on her title page or copyright page is there a suggestion that anyone but Walker wrote her story. But with today's technological networking, it became widely known that Anna Vincent helped her with the story. This is what is referred to as ghostwriting, since the co-author is not visible, and it raises some ethical questions. Is this plagiarism, suggesting that the writer is taking credit for work done by someone else? And if we cannot trust the authorship, can we trust the content? It also suggests a false image of the memoirist: that he or she is capable of writing a coherent book when, in fact, that may not be the case.

3.

Never have we experienced such an explosion of new production techniques. Throughout the world, new and more efficient technology is making it possible to manufacture more products at any possible selling price. New, more powerful computers reduce production costs and increase the supply of all sorts of goods and services. For example, computers are now milking cows. Computers admit the cows into the milking area and then activate lasers to guide milking cups into place. Dairy farmers no longer must wake up at 5:30 a.m., and cows get milked whenever they fancy, day or night. As this technology spreads across the United States, it will be possible to offer more milk for sale at a variety of prices, and the supply of milk will increase.

4.

Every security system, without exception, needs trusted people to function, though these people are not necessarily trustworthy. The person who installs your front-door lock is, by definition, a trusted person. You have no choice but to trust him, but he could make a copy of your key for himself, and you wouldn't be the wiser. In a hospital security system designed to protect patient privacy, doctors are trusted. They have to know a patient's private medical background. Other trusted people are guards watching surveillance cameras, people writing parking tickets, airline baggage screeners, customs inspectors, and police officers who respond to cries for help. We don't have to like it, but we have no choice but to trust these people. Without them, systems would not function.

5.

The use of heroine and executrix as referring to a hero or executor who is female illustrates what Douglas Hofstadter calls "the slippery slope" of meaning. In his book Metamagical Themas, Hofstadter shows diagrammatically how the slippery slope works. A triangle represents the idea of, let's say, a heroic person. At one base angle of this triangle is the word heroine, representing the female heroic person. At the other base angle is the word hero, representing the male heroic person. And at the apex is the generic word, again hero, encompassing both. But because the hero at the apex and the hero at one base angle are identical in name, their separate meanings slip back and forth along one side of the triangle, the slippery slope. The meanings blend and absorb each other. They bond together on the slope. And heroine, at the other base angle, remains outside that bond.

6.

People are sometimes resistant to the idea of introducing rituals because they believe that ritualistic behavior may detract from spontaneity or creativity ─ especially when it comes to interpersonal rituals such as a regular date with one's spouse, or artistic rituals such as painting. However, if we do not ritualize activities ─ whether working out in the gym, spending time with our family, or reading for pleasure ─ we often don't get to them, and rather than being spontaneous, we become reactive (to others' demands on our time and energy). In an overall structured, ritualized life, we certainly don't need to have each hour of the day accounted for and can thus leave time for spontaneous behavior; more importantly, we can integrate spontaneity into a ritual, as, for example, deciding spontaneously where we go on the ritualized date. The most creative individuals have rituals that they follow. Paradoxically, the routine frees them up to be creative and spontaneous.

7.

Many people lack a clear image of their bodies, and do not take very good care of themselves. You'd think people would have a fairly accurate picture of their own bodies. After all, who is more familiar with our bodies than ourselves? Each day, we spend an unaccountable amount of time receiving messages from our bodies, bathing and grooming ourselves. But we have blind spots as well, so that our body image only approximates rather than coincides with reality. A major reason is that our bodies are constantly changing, and there is a time lag in bringing our body images up to date. Each of us tends to hold on to more or less outdated body images, such as the aging man who has difficulty recognizing the wrinkles in his face, his thinning hair, or his sagging waistline.

8.

What we think about, and how we think, can never be completely determined by any single source of information. Still, sheer repetition of ideological themes sends ideas deep into individual and collective consciousness. Commercial advertisers, for instance, depend on such repetition. One of the primary objectives of the advertising business is to determine the optimum frequency of message repetition so as not to waste money while achieving the maximum persuasive impact. Teachers, parents, and others with motives that are quite different from advertisers' also depend on repetition of key information to achieve their goals. Producers of the famous American children's television show Sesame Street, for instance, use constant repetition to teach the alphabet and other basic lessons. The idea is to saturate your human subjects ─potential consumers, students, children, whomever ─ with information you want them to retain.

4강

Although praise may encourage children to continue an activity while an adult is watching, according to recent studies, they are less likely to continue the activity when the adult leaves or to repeat the activity in the future. Rather than increasing children's commitment to positive behavior, praise encourages children to find ways to get future verbal "goodies" from important adults. In other words, praise is like the large pink icing rose in the center of a cake. It is appealing and at first bite its sweetness tastes wonderful. A couple more bites still might taste good, but it quickly becomes overly sweet. It has only one simple flavor; we soon tire of it and if we eat very much at any one time, we might even feel slightly ill. It may provide some quick energy but it provides no nourishment and doesn't support growth or health.

1.

Because of the uneven distribution of health care, doctors, and medicines around the world, many preventable and curable diseases go untreated. When the average life expectancy in countries is in the 30s, we know that medical help is not available for common medical problems. For example, dehydration from diarrhea caused by water-borne diseases such as cholera, blindness caused by vitamin A deficiency, malaria caused by infected mosquitoes, and other preventable diseases are unnecessary afflictions in today's world. Yet many nations in the Global South have few physicians per capita. For instance, in Malawi, there is one doctor for every 100,000 people, in Ethiopia and Niger, three doctors for every 100,000 citizens, and in Mali, four doctors per 100,000 citizens. The few doctors in these countries are located mostly in urban areas.

2.

Considering the multitude of data that people in our contemporary society need to remember, a certain amount of notetaking and information deposited in books is unavoidable. But the tendency away from remembering is growing beyond all sensible proportions. One can easily and best observe in oneself that writing things down diminishes one's power of remembering, but some typical examples may prove helpful. An everyday example occurs in stores. Today a salesclerk will rarely do a simple addition of two or three items in his or her head, but will immediately use a machine. The classroom provides another example. Teachers can observe that the students who carefully write down every sentence of the lecture will understand and remember less than the students who trusted their capacity to understand and, hence, remember at least the essentials.

3.

Wood is a material that is widely acknowledged to be environmentally friendly. It has been welcome as an alternative material for a long time in building houses instead of cement or bricks. However, it is not always easy to evaluate the relative merits of one particular material such as wood over another. Many species of tree are now endangered, including mahogany and teak, and deforestation, particularly in tropical rainforests, has had a severe impact both on local communities and on indigenous plants and wildlife. Where wood is harvested, then transported halfway across the globe, the associated energy costs are high, causing a negative impact on the environment. What is more, where wood is treated with chemicals to improve fire- and pest-resistance, its healthful properties are compromised.

4.

In Europe, the downward trend in work hours has hardly missed a beat. Unlike the United States, organized labor in Europe has kept the issue of shorter working hours at the top of its agenda throughout the postwar period. When economic crises hit, workers have fought the pressure for longer hours. In Germany, for example, a series of bitter strikes in the 1980s have earned a contract for a 35-hour workweek for members of the large German union IG Metall. This standard is expected to spread throughout the German labor force. And so, after nearly one hundred years of simultaneous decline, the U.S. workweek has remained flat, or perhaps even increased, over the last half century, while in Europe it persists in its sweet decline.

5.

There is a lot of hype in the business press about the dangers of clinging to the past, and much of it is justified. But all the excitement about building better products and companies can make us forget that most new ideas are bad and most old ideas are good. After all, that is what Darwinism predicts. The death rate of new products and companies is dramatically higher than for old ones. Hundreds of new toys are introduced every year, yet most are flops. Even toys that are wildly popular for a while, fade from the scene, while Play-Doh persists. If there was truth in advertising, the slogan "innovate or die" would be replaced with "innovate and die." Tried and true wins out over new and improved most of the time.

6.

In a famous study, spouses were asked, "How large was your personal contribution to keeping the place tidy, in percentages?" They also answered similar questions about "taking out the garbage," "initiating social engagements," etc. Would the self-estimated contributions add up to 100%, or more, or less? As expected, the self-assessed contributions added up to more than 100%. The explanation is simple: both spouses remember their own individual efforts and contributions much more clearly than those of the other. The bias is not necessarily self-serving: spouses also overestimated their contribution to causing quarrels, although to a smaller extent than their contributions to more desirable outcomes. The same bias contributes to the common observation that many members of a collaborative team feel they have done more than their share and also feel that the others are not adequately grateful for their individual contributions.

7.

In the 1960s, I helped a client get a very broad patent on a laser pumped by a chemical reaction explosion. We were very pleased with this patent. However, it was so advanced at the time that the technology behind it is just now being implemented in connection with the Star Wars defense effort. Unfortunately, the patent expired in the meantime. The same goes for the computer mouse, the patent for which expired in 1980, just before the concept became popular, and the rollerblade skates, the patent for which expired in 1985, just before the rollerblade craze started. A survey found that major innovations like the telephone, radio, dishwasher, color TV, microwave oven, VCR, computer, and cell phone took an average of 11.4 years to be owned by 25% of all U.S. households. The moral? Even if you have a great invention, make sure it can be commercially implemented within the seventeen-year patent period.

8.

Perhaps some will say that animals have some inherent value, only less than we have. However, attempts to defend this view can be shown to lack rational justification. What could be the basis of our having more inherent value than animals? Their lack of reason, or autonomy, or intellect? Only if we are willing to make the same judgment in the case of humans who are similarly deficient. But it is not true that such humans ─ the retarded child, for example, or the mentally handicapped ─ have less inherent value than you or I. Neither, then, can we rationally sustain the view that animals like them in being the experiencing subjects of a life have less inherent value. All who have inherent value have it equally, whether they be human animals or not.

9.

Media culture enables kids to develop separate interests from their parents. The biggest complaint I have heard from parents is that their children like music, movies, or television programs that they consider to be "junk," and therefore must have harmful consequences. Listen to yourselves, parents ─ isn't this exactly what your parents told you about the music you liked? It works both ways, too. As a kid, I hated the music my parents listened to. Elvis and Neil Diamond were so uncool when I was a teenager that I often wondered how my parents couldn't see that. Let your kids enjoy what they like. You didn't grow up bad though you were criticized for your tastes. So what will happen if you let your children enjoy what they like?

10.

Poems can be taken apart from time to time, like any well-made objects, but it is important to remember to put them back together properly at the end and check that they still work. Looking at how a poem has built up sound patterns through rhythm, rhyme, alliteration, and other devices, or how word pictures have been built up through images, or meanings made through wordplay, can add a different sort of enjoyment as well as understanding of poems. But poems should not be used just as excuses for feature-spotting, for example hunting down metaphors and similes for the sake of naming the parts. Poems are often left in pieces after this kind of activity as the lesson moves on to another text with the same feature or topic. It should be a rule to read the poem aloud again after any form of analysis, savoring its sounds and images anew after the insight into how they fit together.

11.

The United Kingdom has already taken many important steps in the right direction to encourage greater labour market participation by older people. The Department for Work and Pensions, for example, has introduced an array of measures and programmes dealing with older workers. Although these endeavours help promote best practices in tackling age discrimination and promote age diversity in employment, more needs to be done to strengthen incentives for older people to remain active, to encourage retention and hiring of older workers and to improve their employability. Therefore, a comprehensive strategy is required which should encompass not only measures to enhance the work incentives that are embedded in the welfare system, but also actions on the demand side. Also, promoting a better and more flexible working environment is essential in extending working life through reducing work-related ill health.

12.

The pleasure of eating should be an extensive pleasure, not that of the mere gourmet. People who know the garden in which their vegetables have grown and know that the garden is healthy will remember the beauty of the growing plants. Such a memory involves itself with the food and is one of the pleasures of eating. The knowledge of the good health of the garden relieves and frees and comforts the eater. The same goes for eating meat. The thought of the good pasture and of the calf contentedly grazing flavors the steak. Some, I know, will think it bloodthirsty or worse to eat a fellow creature you have known all its life. On the contrary, I think it means you eat with understanding and with gratitude. A significant part of the pleasure of eating is one's accurate consciousness of the lives and the world from which food comes.

 

 

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