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1. [d] and [ð] in English and Spanish
(a) English
1.[dεn] den 2. [ðεn] then
3. [doʊz] doze 4. [ðoʊz] those
5. [dεə] dare 6. [ðεə] their
7. [ʌdə] udder 8. [ʌðə] other
9. [aɪdə] Eider 10. [aɪðə] either
In many (not all) accents of English, [d] and [ð] are realizations of phonemes, as these data show. They are in parallel distribution (both occur at the beginnings of words and between vowels). They also function contrastively: there are minimal pairs involving the two sounds. We are therefore justified in postulating a /d/ vs /ð/ phonemic distinction for most accents of English.
(b) Spanish
Now consider the following Spanish data. (The voiced stop in question is in fact dental in Spanish. We overlook this fact here.) Is the distinction between [d] and [ð] phonemic or allophonic in Spanish? Justify your answer with evidence and argumentation.
1. [dɐr] ‘to give’ 2. [nɐðɐ] ‘nothing’
3. [dεβεr] ‘to have to’ 4. [boðeɣɐ] ‘wine cellar’
5. [diɐs] ‘days’ 6. [ɐblɐðo] ‘spoken’
7. [bɐndɐ] ‘ribbon’ 8. [pɾɐðo] ‘meadow’
9. [ɐndɐr] ‘to go’ 10. [poðεr] ‘to be able’
1. [d] and [ð] in English and Spanish
(a) English
1.[dεn] den 2. [ðεn] then
3. [doʊz] doze 4. [ðoʊz] those
5. [dεə] dare 6. [ðεə] their
7. [ʌdə] udder 8. [ʌðə] other
9. [aɪdə] Eider 10. [aɪðə] either
In many (not all) accents of English, [d] and [ð] are realizations of phonemes, as these data show. They are in parallel distribution (both occur at the beginnings of words and between vowels). They also function contrastively: there are minimal pairs involving the two sounds. We are therefore justified in postulating a /d/ vs /ð/ phonemic distinction for most accents of English.
(b) Spanish
Now consider the following Spanish data. (The voiced stop in question is in fact dental in Spanish. We overlook this fact here.) Is the distinction between [d] and [ð] phonemic or allophonic in Spanish? Justify your answer with evidence and argumentation.
1. [dɐr] ‘to give’ 2. [nɐðɐ] ‘nothing’
3. [dεβεr] ‘to have to’ 4. [boðeɣɐ] ‘wine cellar’
5. [diɐs] ‘days’ 6. [ɐblɐðo] ‘spoken’
7. [bɐndɐ] ‘ribbon’ 8. [pɾɐðo] ‘meadow’
9. [ɐndɐr] ‘to go’ 10. [poðεr] ‘to be able’